{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997239703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","title":"Quantum hacking: Experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems","display_name":"Quantum hacking: Experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997239703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","mag":"1997239703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.78.042333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0704.3253","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101631055","display_name":"Yi Bing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-4597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-4597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031129014","display_name":"Chi\u2010Hang Fred Fung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-1047","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-1047"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Hang Fred Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030128184","display_name":"Bing Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-8998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-8998","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6568-5155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606251","display_name":"Christine Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0354-4583","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0354-4583"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011884682","display_name":"Hoi\u2010Kwong Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0340-4989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0340-4989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoi-Kwong Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":2675,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2675},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.6866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":600,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99764826,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-hacking","display_name":"quantum hacking","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"eavesdropping","score":0.8259999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9487157464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6553286910057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5855575799942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5251602530479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5013821125030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4966011643409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4426878094673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37935101985931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.35211890935897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.24483951926231384}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.78.042333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0704.3253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3253","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0704.3253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.0704.3253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0704.3253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0704.3253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:2323406810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR09/MWS_MAR09-2008-001040.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764664775","display_name":"Bulletin of the American Physical Society","issn_l":"0003-0503","issn":["0003-0503"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the American Physical Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0704.3253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.3253","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0704.3253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182556035","https://openalex.org/W1716995571","https://openalex.org/W1968204762","https://openalex.org/W1970006170","https://openalex.org/W1982803263","https://openalex.org/W1983584387","https://openalex.org/W1984829133","https://openalex.org/W1986293140","https://openalex.org/W1988371994","https://openalex.org/W2011249628","https://openalex.org/W2011682372","https://openalex.org/W2015914132","https://openalex.org/W2035547735","https://openalex.org/W2046765997","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2056393659","https://openalex.org/W2063635674","https://openalex.org/W2068013541","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2100494843","https://openalex.org/W2120755151","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W4365806369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009886532","https://openalex.org/W4394646002","https://openalex.org/W7098560866","https://openalex.org/W2055040985","https://openalex.org/W7140626116","https://openalex.org/W2044953093","https://openalex.org/W2239128982","https://openalex.org/W610404479","https://openalex.org/W2002756363","https://openalex.org/W2100494843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum-key-distribution":[0],"(QKD)":[1],"systems":[2],"can":[3],"send":[4],"quantum":[5],"signals":[6],"over":[7],"more":[8],"than":[9],"$100\\phantom{\\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\\mathrm{km}$":[10],"standard":[11],"optical":[12],"fiber":[13],"and":[14],"are":[15],"widely":[16],"believed":[17],"to":[18,41,52,63],"be":[19],"secure.":[20],"Here,":[21],"we":[22],"show":[23],"experimentally":[24],"a":[25,32,48,82],"technologically":[26],"feasible":[27],"attack---namely,":[28],"the":[29,54,57,64,70,77],"time-shift":[30],"attack---against":[31],"commercial":[33],"QKD":[34,97],"system.":[35,58],"Our":[36],"result":[37],"shows":[38],"that,":[39],"contrary":[40],"popular":[42],"belief,":[43],"an":[44],"eavesdropper,":[45],"Eve,":[46],"has":[47],"non-negligible":[49],"probability":[50],"$(\\ensuremath{\\sim}4%)$":[51],"break":[53],"security":[55],"of":[56,73],"Eve's":[59],"success":[60],"is":[61],"due":[62],"well-known":[65],"detection":[66,78],"efficiency":[67,79],"loophole":[68,80],"in":[69,87,92],"experimental":[71],"testing":[72],"Bell's":[74],"inequalities.":[75],"Therefore,":[76],"plays":[81],"key":[83],"role":[84],"not":[85],"only":[86],"fundamental":[88],"physics,":[89],"but":[90],"also":[91],"technological":[93],"applications":[94],"such":[95],"as":[96],"systems.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}