{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997198651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","title":"Explaining Police Officer Discretionary Activity","display_name":"Explaining Police Officer Discretionary Activity","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997198651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","mag":"1997198651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0734016805285260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194715373","display_name":"Criminal Justice Review","issn_l":"0734-0168","issn":["0734-0168","1556-3839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018789041","display_name":"Brad W. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad W. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028981265","display_name":"Kenneth J. Novak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-5366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-5366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75421653","display_name":"University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City","ror":"https://ror.org/01w0d5g70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth J. Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Kansas City","University of Missouri at Kansas City"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Kansas City","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri at Kansas City","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016751602","display_name":"James Frank","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032073244","display_name":"Christopher T. Lowenkamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-9661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-9661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Lowenkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati","Center for Criminal Justice Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Criminal Justice Research","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89336508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"325","last_page":"346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-discretion","display_name":"police discretion","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-behavior","display_name":"police behavior","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/officer-attitudes","display_name":"officer attitudes","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/street-level-policing","display_name":"street-level policing","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.5070000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.9330092072486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5925203561782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5354350805282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256171","display_name":"Community policing","level":2,"score":0.5205886960029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5169805288314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4519493281841278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42575377225875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.2983071208000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2614143490791321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08672976493835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.081440269947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0734016805285260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016805285260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194715373","display_name":"Criminal Justice Review","issn_l":"0734-0168","issn":["0734-0168","1556-3839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92737363","https://openalex.org/W153388477","https://openalex.org/W351107069","https://openalex.org/W563836362","https://openalex.org/W565592022","https://openalex.org/W654262280","https://openalex.org/W1500563071","https://openalex.org/W1566717708","https://openalex.org/W1594418501","https://openalex.org/W1598768917","https://openalex.org/W1599035031","https://openalex.org/W1856751521","https://openalex.org/W1964863083","https://openalex.org/W1973489150","https://openalex.org/W1975046920","https://openalex.org/W1981018178","https://openalex.org/W1984025805","https://openalex.org/W1985249197","https://openalex.org/W1986506829","https://openalex.org/W1989787460","https://openalex.org/W1994093127","https://openalex.org/W1999131120","https://openalex.org/W2002525028","https://openalex.org/W2002849094","https://openalex.org/W2010074315","https://openalex.org/W2013163264","https://openalex.org/W2013548214","https://openalex.org/W2016382728","https://openalex.org/W2022422543","https://openalex.org/W2022737001","https://openalex.org/W2027991142","https://openalex.org/W2030453501","https://openalex.org/W2031408890","https://openalex.org/W2037279877","https://openalex.org/W2038229333","https://openalex.org/W2042567993","https://openalex.org/W2043342276","https://openalex.org/W2044433210","https://openalex.org/W2057733567","https://openalex.org/W2059639299","https://openalex.org/W2062966269","https://openalex.org/W2064395596","https://openalex.org/W2065790667","https://openalex.org/W2067608260","https://openalex.org/W2087754834","https://openalex.org/W2088486727","https://openalex.org/W2090486445","https://openalex.org/W2095307749","https://openalex.org/W2153121452","https://openalex.org/W2158870209","https://openalex.org/W2162851306","https://openalex.org/W2184924018","https://openalex.org/W2319040003","https://openalex.org/W2324246899","https://openalex.org/W2328743291","https://openalex.org/W2568418580","https://openalex.org/W2620971759","https://openalex.org/W2798869504","https://openalex.org/W3125199650","https://openalex.org/W4244628591","https://openalex.org/W4251316235","https://openalex.org/W4253225985","https://openalex.org/W4300648631","https://openalex.org/W4388413995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088486727","https://openalex.org/W2031408890","https://openalex.org/W2286237441","https://openalex.org/W2001004478","https://openalex.org/W2137497699","https://openalex.org/W2130642933","https://openalex.org/W1999131120","https://openalex.org/W2514746092","https://openalex.org/W2328049020","https://openalex.org/W2005014379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"research":[1],"on":[2,38,52,86],"the":[3,27,34,45,74,118,138,144],"activities":[4,35],"of":[5,12,31,47,59,70,77,121,128,131,140],"police":[6,13,61,79,114],"officers":[7,32,115,122],"has":[8],"examined":[9],"a":[10,39,57,66],"range":[11],"behaviors":[14],"and":[15,49,89,107,112],"decision":[16],"processes.":[17],"The":[18,102],"present":[19],"article":[20,64],"attempts":[21],"to":[22,54,97],"delineate":[23],"factors":[24,51,71],"that":[25,72,105],"influence":[26,73,125],"daily":[28,40,100],"discretionary":[29],"choices":[30,127],"concerning":[33],"they":[36],"undertake":[37],"basis.":[41],"By":[42],"empirically":[43],"examining":[44],"contribution":[46],"officer":[48],"community":[50,111,141],"decisions":[53,76],"engage":[55],"in":[56,137],"variety":[58],"typical":[60],"activities,":[62],"this":[63],"provides":[65],"more":[67],"complete":[68],"understanding":[69],"work-related":[75],"street-level":[78],"officers.":[80],"Using":[81],"systematic":[82],"social":[83],"observation":[84],"data":[85],"both":[87],"community-oriented":[88],"traditional":[90,113],"beat":[91],"officers,":[92],"multivariate":[93],"models":[94],"are":[95,135],"developed":[96],"explain":[98],"officers\u2019":[99],"activities.":[101],"findings":[103,134],"reveal":[104],"neighborhood-level":[106],"attitude":[108],"variables":[109],"influenced":[110],"differently.":[116],"Overall,":[117],"individual-level":[119],"attributes":[120],"did":[123],"not":[124],"activity":[126],"either":[129],"type":[130],"officer.":[132],"These":[133],"discussed":[136],"context":[139],"policing":[142],"within":[143],"city":[145],"studied.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
