{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997086856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","title":"The study of change in psychotherapy: A reexamination of the process-outcome correlation paradigm. Comment on Stiles and Shapiro (1994).","display_name":"The study of change in psychotherapy: A reexamination of the process-outcome correlation paradigm. Comment on Stiles and Shapiro (1994).","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997086856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","mag":"1997086856","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8916618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118719888","display_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0022-006X","issn":["0022-006X","1939-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083493895","display_name":"Adele M. Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-7749","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-7749"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adele M. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Florida, USA","U  Miami, Dept of Psychology, Coral Gables, FL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U  Miami, Dept of Psychology, Coral Gables, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056177802","display_name":"Louis G. Castonguay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-9091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-9091"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis G. Castonguay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071014951","display_name":"Marvin R. Goldfried","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin R. Goldfried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University","Stony Brook University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87877045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"5","first_page":"909","last_page":"914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12245","display_name":"Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11295","display_name":"Counseling Practices and Supervision","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapeutic-change","display_name":"psychotherapeutic change","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlational-design","display_name":"correlational design","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-parameters","display_name":"process parameters","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-efficacy","display_name":"treatment efficacy","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapy-outcome-research","display_name":"psychotherapy outcome research","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8449316620826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6599934697151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6344608068466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5810224413871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780012671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343870","display_name":"Corollary","level":2,"score":0.548590362071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.46405020356178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4263143539428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42091500759124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.38734108209609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34211549162864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001008","descriptor_name":"Anxiety Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001008","descriptor_name":"Anxiety Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010043","descriptor_name":"Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118719888","display_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0022-006X","issn":["0022-006X","1939-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118719888","display_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0022-006X","issn":["0022-006X","1939-2117"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8916618","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8916618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141276396","https://openalex.org/W213417050","https://openalex.org/W369966519","https://openalex.org/W599194056","https://openalex.org/W1517955056","https://openalex.org/W1544597039","https://openalex.org/W1630660807","https://openalex.org/W1690050651","https://openalex.org/W1968425371","https://openalex.org/W1969718845","https://openalex.org/W1973029992","https://openalex.org/W1974074928","https://openalex.org/W1979670579","https://openalex.org/W1982752388","https://openalex.org/W1998498183","https://openalex.org/W2019445313","https://openalex.org/W2019573594","https://openalex.org/W2020990361","https://openalex.org/W2026879692","https://openalex.org/W2029487046","https://openalex.org/W2046539396","https://openalex.org/W2056929645","https://openalex.org/W2066051417","https://openalex.org/W2075212538","https://openalex.org/W2080148351","https://openalex.org/W2080806319","https://openalex.org/W2088044671","https://openalex.org/W2088303692","https://openalex.org/W2090446436","https://openalex.org/W2094093745","https://openalex.org/W2097796155","https://openalex.org/W2115999015","https://openalex.org/W2136805667","https://openalex.org/W2152676810","https://openalex.org/W2275575389","https://openalex.org/W2411579829","https://openalex.org/W2483506411","https://openalex.org/W2973899551","https://openalex.org/W3093328442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982752388","https://openalex.org/W1973029992","https://openalex.org/W2026913229","https://openalex.org/W1671230261","https://openalex.org/W1987867847","https://openalex.org/W1979670579","https://openalex.org/W157585928","https://openalex.org/W2309360959","https://openalex.org/W2046539396","https://openalex.org/W2074550804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"W.B.":[0],"Stiles":[1,34,68],"and":[2,27,35,56,69,95,140,158,180],"D.A.":[3],"Shapiro":[4,36,70],"(1994)":[5],"present":[6],"a":[7,74],"provocative":[8],"argument":[9],"that":[10,49,67,103,120,148,159],"the":[11,24,30,41,50,78,87,92,101,123,134,149,165,168,171],"yield":[12],"of":[13,20,44,77,116,130,136,156,167],"process":[14,82,118,172],"research":[15,119],"has":[16,57,121,161],"been":[17],"minimal":[18],"because":[19],"researchers'":[21],"overreliance":[22],"on":[23],"drug":[25],"metaphor":[26],"its":[28,59],"corollary,":[29],"correlational":[31,45,150],"design.":[32],"Although":[33],"raise":[37],"excellent":[38],"points":[39],"regarding":[40],"possible":[42],"misinterpretations":[43],"research,":[46],"their":[47],"conclusion":[48],"process-outcome":[51],"correlation":[52,79,124],"paradigm":[53,88],"is":[54,61,66,146,152],"flawed":[55],"outlived":[58],"usefulness":[60],"questioned.":[62],"The":[63,81],"basic":[64],"thesis":[65],"did":[71],"not":[72,90],"provide":[73],"fair":[75],"test":[76,86],"paradigm.":[80],"variables":[83,173],"used":[84,122],"to":[85,99,108,132,141,164],"do":[89],"have":[91],"strong":[93],"theoretical":[94],"empirical":[96],"grounding":[97],"necessary":[98],"support":[100],"assumption":[102],"they":[104],"should":[105],"be":[106],"related":[107],"outcome.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111],"article,":[112],"examples":[113],"are":[114,175],"described,":[115],"programmatic":[117],"paradigm,":[125],"along":[126],"with":[127],"other":[128],"methods":[129],"inquiry,":[131],"advance":[133],"understanding":[135],"how":[137],"change":[138],"occurs":[139],"improve":[142],"treatment":[143],"efficacy.":[144],"It":[145],"contended":[147],"method":[151],"one":[153],"useful":[154],"tool":[155],"discovery":[157],"it":[160],"contributed":[162],"significantly":[163],"advancement":[166],"field":[169],"when":[170],"studied":[174],"grounded":[176],"in":[177],"solid":[178],"theory":[179],"research.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}