{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997058562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","title":"What Comes before t?","display_name":"What Comes before t?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997058562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","mag":"1997058562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0075424203254369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47829194","display_name":"Journal of English Linguistics","issn_l":"0075-4242","issn":["0075-4242","1552-5457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of English Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070401354","display_name":"Donna Starks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-1209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-1209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna Starks","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055522315","display_name":"Scott Allan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-5762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-5762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Allan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"273","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.21549999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12768","display_name":"Linguistics and language evolution","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonetic-variation","display_name":"phonetic variation","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociolinguistic-variation","display_name":"sociolinguistic variation","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-and-gender-differences","display_name":"age and gender differences","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-zealand-english","display_name":"New Zealand English","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.8343662023544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.5673173069953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.45528990030288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3708702325820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.33922433853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31230980157852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09087833762168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0075424203254369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203254369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47829194","display_name":"Journal of English Linguistics","issn_l":"0075-4242","issn":["0075-4242","1552-5457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of English Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628504739","https://openalex.org/W1515058732","https://openalex.org/W1980277884","https://openalex.org/W2031611729","https://openalex.org/W2044696775","https://openalex.org/W2060349498","https://openalex.org/W2062373561","https://openalex.org/W2062783322","https://openalex.org/W2134212478","https://openalex.org/W2166678742","https://openalex.org/W2176093551","https://openalex.org/W2991335339","https://openalex.org/W6734647560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049504443","https://openalex.org/W2040672521","https://openalex.org/W7100181041","https://openalex.org/W2999401589","https://openalex.org/W6887758858","https://openalex.org/W7096846088","https://openalex.org/W2108490639","https://openalex.org/W7034006106","https://openalex.org/W1832626157","https://openalex.org/W2187980447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"several":[1],"researchers":[2],"have":[3],"noted":[4],"unusual":[5],"phonetic":[6],"realizations":[7],"of":[8,15,23,27,32,50,58,69,76,90],"s,":[9],"there":[10],"is":[11],"little":[12],"detailed":[13],"documentation":[14],"such":[16],"variation.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"investigates":[20],"the":[21,30,41,56,88,96],"use":[22],"a":[24,44,71],"fronted":[25,72,97],"variant":[26,75,98],"s":[28,51,77],"in":[29,52,55,78,107],"speech":[31,57],"Auckland,":[33],"New":[34],"Zealand,":[35],"residents.":[36],"The":[37,65,81],"results":[38],"report":[39],"on":[40,87],"findings":[42,66,82],"from":[43],"rapid":[45],"survey":[46],"that":[47],"elicits":[48],"tokens":[49],"word-final":[53],"position":[54],"638":[59],"Pakeha":[60],"(New":[61],"Zealand":[62],"European)":[63],"speakers.":[64],"provide":[67],"evidence":[68],"both":[70],"and":[73,93,105],"nonfronted":[74],"this":[79],"community.":[80],"also":[83],"show":[84],"systematic":[85],"variation":[86],"basis":[89],"age,":[91],"gender,":[92],"occupation,":[94],"with":[95],"preferred":[99],"by":[100],"younger":[101],"speakers,":[102],"professional":[103],"females,":[104],"males":[106],"clerical":[108],"jobs.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}