{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997006546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","title":"Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football","display_name":"Red shirt colour is associated with long-term team success in English football","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997006546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","mag":"1997006546","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18344128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02640410701736244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95965737","display_name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","issn_l":"0264-0414","issn":["0264-0414","1466-447X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1553141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025391871","display_name":"Martin J. Attrill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-031X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-031X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin J. Attrill","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK. mattrill@plymouth.ac.uk","School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK. mattrill@plymouth.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073922023","display_name":"Karen A. Gresty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-7873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-7873"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen A. Gresty","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061166351","display_name":"Russell A. Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-5802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-5802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell A. Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045697610","display_name":"Robert A. Barton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2150-9637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2150-9637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Barton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025391871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1559,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96392358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"577","last_page":"582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.2184000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-colour","display_name":"color red","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-performance","display_name":"team performance","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-football","display_name":"English football","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-advantage","display_name":"home advantage","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/league-position","display_name":"league position","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-psychology","display_name":"color psychology","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-sports","display_name":"team sports","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-success","display_name":"long-term success","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colour-selection","display_name":"colour selection","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.8874799013137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.8147765398025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4449698328971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.42718666791915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4191695749759674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.40896904468536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1295648217201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12401726841926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000124","descriptor_name":"Achievement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003020","descriptor_name":"Clothing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012916","descriptor_name":"Soccer","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054874","descriptor_name":"Athletic Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02640410701736244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701736244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95965737","display_name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","issn_l":"0264-0414","issn":["0264-0414","1466-447X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18344128","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18344128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of sports sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1553141","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1553141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1553141","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1553141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W573074274","https://openalex.org/W2009375902","https://openalex.org/W2025412439","https://openalex.org/W2037109707","https://openalex.org/W2045165049","https://openalex.org/W2051305256","https://openalex.org/W2053949575","https://openalex.org/W2061915922","https://openalex.org/W2088807447","https://openalex.org/W2096416716","https://openalex.org/W2107752976","https://openalex.org/W2111395915","https://openalex.org/W2120548236","https://openalex.org/W2164669465","https://openalex.org/W2165997913","https://openalex.org/W2170493885","https://openalex.org/W2768563833","https://openalex.org/W4210428552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079825250","https://openalex.org/W1973965440","https://openalex.org/W3207129176","https://openalex.org/W3041229009","https://openalex.org/W7098752289","https://openalex.org/W1967242470","https://openalex.org/W1686095815","https://openalex.org/W2764144701","https://openalex.org/W2065118172","https://openalex.org/W2037109707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,115],"colour":[1,129,201],"of":[2,11,20,30,54,57,69,81,103,172,186,215,224],"sportswear":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5,45],"shown":[6],"to":[7,27,121],"influence":[8],"the":[9,52,55,77,93,111,139,225],"outcome":[10],"bouts":[12],"for":[13,153,200,222],"several":[14],"different":[15,84],"combat":[16],"sports.":[17],"generality":[19],"these":[21,228],"effects,":[22],"and":[23,107,130,174,218],"whether":[24,64],"they":[25],"extend":[26],"collaborative":[28],"forms":[29],"contests":[31],"(team":[32],"sports),":[33],"is":[34],"uncertain.":[35],"Since":[36],"1947,":[37],"English":[38,180],"football":[39],"teams":[40,82,91,125,144,161,177,188],"wearing":[41,83,176,208],"red":[42,90,173,187,209],"shirts":[43],"have":[44,198],"champions":[46],"more":[47],"often":[48],"than":[49,143],"expected":[50],"on":[51,195],"basis":[53],"proportion":[56],"clubs":[58],"playing":[59,126,132],"in":[60,72,100,110,127,133,145,155,178,203,212],"red.":[61],"To":[62],"investigate":[63],"this":[65],"indicates":[66],"an":[67],"enhancement":[68],"long-term":[70,196],"performance":[71,154,185,211],"red-wearing":[73],"teams,":[74],"we":[75],"analysed":[76],"relative":[78],"league":[79,88,113],"positions":[80],"hues.":[85,147],"Across":[86],"all":[87],"divisions,":[89],"had":[92],"best":[94],"home":[95,112],"record,":[96],"with":[97],"significant":[98,149],"differences":[99,150],"both":[101],"percentage":[102],"maximum":[104],"points":[105],"achieved":[106],"mean":[108],"position":[109],"table.":[114],"effects":[116,194],"were":[117,151],"not":[118,164],"due":[119],"simply":[120],"a":[122,128,134,190,213],"difference":[123],"between":[124],"those":[131],"predominantly":[135],"white":[136],"uniform,":[137],"as":[138],"latter":[140],"performed":[141],"better":[142,184],"yellow":[146],"No":[148],"found":[152],"matches":[156],"away":[157],"from":[158],"home,":[159],"when":[160],"commonly":[162],"do":[163],"wear":[165],"their":[166],"\"home\"":[167],"colours.":[168],"A":[169],"matched-pairs":[170],"analysis":[171],"non-red":[175],"eight":[179],"cities":[181],"shows":[182],"significantly":[183],"over":[189],"55-year":[191],"period.":[192],"These":[193],"success":[197],"consequences":[199],"selection":[202],"team":[204],"sports,":[205],"confirm":[206],"that":[207],"enhances":[210],"variety":[214],"competitive":[216],"contexts,":[217],"provide":[219],"further":[220],"impetus":[221],"studies":[223],"mechanisms":[226],"underlying":[227],"effects.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}