{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996877428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","title":"Facultative Mutualism Between Red Mangroves and Root\u2010Fouling Sponges in Belizean Mangal","display_name":"Facultative Mutualism Between Red Mangroves and Root\u2010Fouling Sponges in Belizean Mangal","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996877428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","mag":"1996877428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2265744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35917800","display_name":"Ecology","issn_l":"0012-9658","issn":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033434512","display_name":"Aaron M. Ellison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-6081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-6081"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron M. Ellison","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080478892","display_name":"Elizabeth J. Farnsworth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth J. Farnsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046709199","display_name":"Robert R. Twilley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-6033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-6033"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert R. Twilley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0652,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83244721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"8","first_page":"2431","last_page":"2444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.5185999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.5185999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11340","display_name":"Marine Sponges and Natural Products","score":0.3788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10765","display_name":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","score":0.04619999974966049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhizophora-mangle","display_name":"Rhizophora mangle","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tedania-ignis","display_name":"Tedania ignis","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facultative-mutualism","display_name":"facultative mutualism","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-transfer","display_name":"nitrogen transfer","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-transfer","display_name":"carbon transfer","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotopic-analysis","display_name":"isotopic analysis","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acanthophora-spicifera","display_name":"Acanthophora spicifera","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epibionts","display_name":"epibionts","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facilitation","display_name":"facilitation","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68874143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19756","display_name":"Mangrove","level":2,"score":0.911815881729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193950572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065886","display_name":"Aerial root","level":3,"score":0.8641637563705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853914","display_name":"Rhizophora mangle","level":3,"score":0.8270105123519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778849931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18960","display_name":"Sponge","level":2,"score":0.8053121566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6964206695556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.6423027515411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131751744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186368","display_name":"Mutualism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5089733600616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4406878650188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131521","display_name":"Rhizophora","level":3,"score":0.4164603352546692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2265744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35917800","display_name":"Ecology","issn_l":"0012-9658","issn":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25614762","https://openalex.org/W60963477","https://openalex.org/W350491565","https://openalex.org/W568000056","https://openalex.org/W602010044","https://openalex.org/W1489749131","https://openalex.org/W1529484291","https://openalex.org/W1537021446","https://openalex.org/W1538190128","https://openalex.org/W1555853381","https://openalex.org/W1593541747","https://openalex.org/W1963609148","https://openalex.org/W1967760080","https://openalex.org/W1968345951","https://openalex.org/W1968747876","https://openalex.org/W1970306723","https://openalex.org/W1972036266","https://openalex.org/W1972680909","https://openalex.org/W1976436718","https://openalex.org/W1979108047","https://openalex.org/W1980573379","https://openalex.org/W1980598424","https://openalex.org/W1993413384","https://openalex.org/W1993826399","https://openalex.org/W2000005324","https://openalex.org/W2002615685","https://openalex.org/W2002670874","https://openalex.org/W2004648107","https://openalex.org/W2008200025","https://openalex.org/W2011488258","https://openalex.org/W2020618815","https://openalex.org/W2022768358","https://openalex.org/W2027998413","https://openalex.org/W2031270255","https://openalex.org/W2031410988","https://openalex.org/W2031662420","https://openalex.org/W2039734668","https://openalex.org/W2040804562","https://openalex.org/W2047314874","https://openalex.org/W2047330285","https://openalex.org/W2054869255","https://openalex.org/W2055058625","https://openalex.org/W2061324884","https://openalex.org/W2069199565","https://openalex.org/W2070137972","https://openalex.org/W2070146143","https://openalex.org/W2072867685","https://openalex.org/W2073803297","https://openalex.org/W2077609933","https://openalex.org/W2078249254","https://openalex.org/W2083955233","https://openalex.org/W2084273225","https://openalex.org/W2086898230","https://openalex.org/W2092118324","https://openalex.org/W2099972422","https://openalex.org/W2104210625","https://openalex.org/W2125219010","https://openalex.org/W2132609597","https://openalex.org/W2132670198","https://openalex.org/W2139188298","https://openalex.org/W2139511159","https://openalex.org/W2141899433","https://openalex.org/W2144450527","https://openalex.org/W2146924035","https://openalex.org/W2149682572","https://openalex.org/W2198669512","https://openalex.org/W2241745449","https://openalex.org/W2263656443","https://openalex.org/W2313313870","https://openalex.org/W2315921150","https://openalex.org/W2326339627","https://openalex.org/W2327482051","https://openalex.org/W2333907994","https://openalex.org/W2485926625","https://openalex.org/W2589282243","https://openalex.org/W2593831717","https://openalex.org/W2900491467","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243426611","https://openalex.org/W2607102516","https://openalex.org/W3107597588","https://openalex.org/W7216991114","https://openalex.org/W2146758745","https://openalex.org/W2093030502","https://openalex.org/W2129359042","https://openalex.org/W2225496593","https://openalex.org/W1447181269","https://openalex.org/W2163724339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,243],"report":[1],"results":[2],"of":[3,41,63,146,175,202,225,234,271],"transplant":[4],"experiments":[5],"that":[6,102,113,137,206,216,245],"examined":[7],"direct":[8],"interactions":[9],"between":[10],"red":[11,239],"mangrove":[12,29,122,203,207,221,257],"(Rhizophora":[13],"mangle)":[14],"roots":[15,40,78,123,154,208,235],"and":[16,23,59,65,94,171,182,195,200,215,251,269],"two":[17],"common":[18],"root\u2014fouling":[19],"sponges":[20,73,97,132,161,217,250],"(Tedania":[21],"ignis":[22],"Haliclona":[24],"implexiformis)":[25],"on":[26,163],"carbonate\u2014based,":[27],"oligotrophic":[28],"cays":[30],"in":[31,56,115,187,231,260],"Belize,":[32],"Central":[33],"America.":[34],"On":[35],"these":[36,93,107],"cays,":[37],"subtidal":[38],"prop":[39],"mangroves":[42,252],"at":[43,168],"water's":[44],"edge":[45],"often":[46],"extend":[47],"1\u20142":[48],"m":[49],"below":[50],"lowest":[51],"low":[52],"water":[53],"before":[54],"anchoring":[55],"the":[57,238],"substrate":[58],"host":[60],"a":[61,144],"community":[62],"algal":[64],"invertebrate":[66],"epibionts":[67],"dominated":[68],"by":[69,92,237],"massive":[70,96,249],"sponges.":[71],"Live":[72],"transplanted":[74,119,151],"onto":[75,120,152],"otherwise":[76],"bare":[77,121,153],"increased":[79,267],"root":[80],"growth":[81,268],"rate":[82],"two\u2014":[83],"to":[84,87],"fourfold":[85],"relative":[86],"controls.":[88],"Roots":[89],"fouled":[90,236],"naturally":[91],"other":[95,261],"produce":[98],"adventitious":[99,138],"fine":[100],"rootlets":[101,108,112],"ramify":[103],"throughout":[104],"sponge":[105],"tissue;":[106],"structurally":[109],"resemble":[110],"underground":[111],"function":[114],"nutrient":[116],"uptake.":[117],"Sponges":[118,150],"induced":[124],"rootlet":[125,139],"proliferation":[126],"within":[127],"4":[128],"wk.":[129],"Only":[130],"live":[131],"elicited":[133],"this":[134],"response,":[135],"indicating":[136],"production":[140,270],"is":[141],"not":[142],"simply":[143],"by\u2014product":[145],"anoxia":[147],"or":[148,227],"darkness.":[149],"grew":[155],"1.4\u201410":[156],"times":[157],"faster":[158],"than":[159],"did":[160],"grown":[162],"polyvinyl":[164],"chloride":[165],"(PVC)":[166],"tubes":[167],"identical":[169],"depths":[170],"locations.":[172],"Relative":[173],"abundances":[174],"${15}$N":[176],"(expressed":[177],"as":[178,259],"$\\delta{15}$N":[179],"per":[180,185],"mil)":[181,186],"${13}$C":[183],"($\\delta{13}$C":[184],"Tedania,":[188],"Haliclona,":[189],"an":[190],"additional":[191],"sponge,":[192],"Ulosa":[193],"ruetzleri,":[194],"rootlets,":[196],"roots,":[197],"stems,":[198],"twigs,":[199],"leaves":[201],"hosts":[204],"suggest":[205],"obtain":[209,218],"dissolved":[210],"inorganic":[211],"nitrogen":[212],"from":[213,220],"sponges,":[214],"carbon":[219],"roots.":[222],"No":[223],"transfer":[224],"N":[226],"C":[228],"was":[229],"observed":[230],"similar":[232],"analyses":[233],"alga":[240],"Acanthophora":[241],"spicifera.":[242],"conclude":[244],"where":[246],"they":[247],"co\u2014occur,":[248],"are":[253],"facultative":[254],"mutualists.":[255],"In":[256],"forests,":[258],"marginal":[262],"habitats,":[263],"facilitations":[264],"may":[265],"enable":[266],"component":[272],"species.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
