{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996808246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","title":"Defining difference, forging unity: The co\u2010construction of race, ethnicity and nation in Belize","display_name":"Defining difference, forging unity: The co\u2010construction of race, ethnicity and nation in Belize","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996808246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","mag":"1996808246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96629499","display_name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","issn_l":"0141-9870","issn":["0141-9870","1466-4356"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024843006","display_name":"Laurie Kroshus Medina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurie Kroshus Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Michigan State University, Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Michigan State University, Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024843006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":62.9003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99612258,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"757","last_page":"780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13222","display_name":"Caribbean history, culture, and politics","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13222","display_name":"Caribbean history, culture, and politics","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13868","display_name":"Afro-Latin American Studies","score":0.03790000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationalism","display_name":"nationalism","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"race","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnicity","display_name":"ethnicity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nation-building","display_name":"nation-building","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-identity","display_name":"national identity","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-identity","display_name":"ethnic identity","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-identity","display_name":"racial identity","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assimilation","display_name":"assimilation","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belize","display_name":"Belize","score":0.8289999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521449643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235","display_name":"Nationalism","level":3,"score":0.8877557516098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7921120524406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778407155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1880695","display_name":"National identity","level":3,"score":0.646060585975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.634212851524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135121143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182034","display_name":"Hegemony","level":3,"score":0.5708605647087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5524706244468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5438660979270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4856923520565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38964951038360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.178611159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13008713722229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.11110419034957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.09915560483932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96629499","display_name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","issn_l":"0141-9870","issn":["0141-9870","1466-4356"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332697","display_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W816311874","https://openalex.org/W1565635063","https://openalex.org/W1968422133","https://openalex.org/W1968818998","https://openalex.org/W1988755773","https://openalex.org/W2012400464","https://openalex.org/W2024486460","https://openalex.org/W2026222950","https://openalex.org/W2043524860","https://openalex.org/W2064350410","https://openalex.org/W2066129953","https://openalex.org/W2067441206","https://openalex.org/W2096608173","https://openalex.org/W2129082326","https://openalex.org/W2161441119","https://openalex.org/W2172538774","https://openalex.org/W2326132207","https://openalex.org/W2407804980","https://openalex.org/W2414292352","https://openalex.org/W2481560782","https://openalex.org/W2587228449","https://openalex.org/W2606376530","https://openalex.org/W2798611850","https://openalex.org/W3035235257","https://openalex.org/W4247069607","https://openalex.org/W4250909593","https://openalex.org/W4255907289","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298239792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2612989046","https://openalex.org/W2103358295","https://openalex.org/W1968818998","https://openalex.org/W4390544494","https://openalex.org/W4394992069","https://openalex.org/W4250115649","https://openalex.org/W1984611126","https://openalex.org/W2072485574","https://openalex.org/W25465869","https://openalex.org/W1592200876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,93],"examines":[2],"competing":[3],"nationalist":[4],"projects":[5],"which":[6,58,69],"compete":[7],"to":[8,24,38,45,65],"constitute":[9,70],"a":[10,31,41,87],"Belizean":[11],"nation:":[12],"pluralist":[13],"nationalism":[14,22,36],"constructs":[15],"the":[16,46,55,66,90,96],"nation":[17,47],"as":[18],"ethnically":[19],"diverse;":[20],"synthetic":[21],"attempts":[23],"submerge":[25],"ethnic":[26,100],"or":[27,86],"racial":[28,43],"difference":[29],"into":[30],"shared":[32],"national":[33,60,74,102],"identity;":[34],"hegemonic":[35],"works":[37],"attach":[39],"preferentially":[40],"single":[42],"identity":[44],"and":[48,76,101],"exclude":[49],"other":[50],"identities.":[51],"Within":[52],"these":[53],"projects,":[54],"homogenizing":[56],"processes":[57,68],"construct":[59],"sameness":[61,75],"are":[62,79],"integrally":[63],"related":[64],"individualizing":[67],"subnational":[71,77],"difference:":[72],"both":[73],"differences":[78],"constituted":[80],"in":[81],"terms":[82],"of":[83,89,98,107],"race,":[84],"ethnicity,":[85],"conflation":[88],"two.":[91],"The":[92],"explores":[94],"how":[95],"essentialization":[97],"racial,":[99],"identities":[103],"facilitates":[104],"their":[105],"assimilation":[106],"one":[108],"another.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}