{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996749080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","title":"Observation of Non-Maxwellian Electron Distribution Functions in the Alcator Device by Means of Thomson Scattering and Their Interpretation","display_name":"Observation of Non-Maxwellian Electron Distribution Functions in the Alcator Device by Means of Thomson Scattering and Their Interpretation","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996749080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","mag":"1996749080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085018022","display_name":"L. Pieroni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Pieroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111617371","display_name":"Sergio E. Segre","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. E. Segre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92525294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"15","first_page":"928","last_page":"930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":0.017500000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10781","display_name":"Low-Pressure Plasma Processing and Diagnostics","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-maxwellian-electron-distribution","display_name":"non-Maxwellian electron distribution","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-drift-velocity","display_name":"electron drift velocity","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toroidal-velocity","display_name":"toroidal velocity","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-x-ray-emission","display_name":"soft X-ray emission","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-resistivity","display_name":"plasma resistivity","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak-plasma","display_name":"tokamak plasma","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779146573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477639","display_name":"Thomson scattering","level":3,"score":0.7873128652572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7255529165267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.6278631687164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.6255449056625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.6188825368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.6066293120384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22175881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7201785","display_name":"Electron temperature","level":3,"score":0.5108687281608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131751877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909891","display_name":"Drift velocity","level":3,"score":0.49968481063842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4929537773132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146285849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327107","display_name":"Electron scattering","level":3,"score":0.4279763400554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.42594099044799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.15467065572738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1538701355457306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09357157349586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.34.928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016761476","https://openalex.org/W2075197979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036829438","https://openalex.org/W1658703410","https://openalex.org/W2171505068","https://openalex.org/W1833679526","https://openalex.org/W2001252992","https://openalex.org/W3105836949","https://openalex.org/W1991107937","https://openalex.org/W3192126902","https://openalex.org/W1980608619","https://openalex.org/W3009859250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,16],"Alcator":[2],"device":[3],"incoherent":[4],"Thomson":[5],"scattering":[6,43],"always":[7],"gives":[8],"Gaussian":[9],"spectral":[10],"profiles":[11,33],"at":[12,27],"low":[13],"values":[14,29],"of":[15,18,30,42],"ratio":[17],"electron":[19],"drift":[20],"velocity":[21,24,49],"to":[22],"thermal":[23],"($\\frac{{v}_{D}}{{v}_{\\mathrm{th}}}\\ensuremath{\\lesssim}0.1$).":[25],"However,":[26],"higher":[28],"$\\frac{{v}_{D}}{{v}_{\\mathrm{th}}}$":[31],"non-Gaussian":[32],"are":[34],"observed":[35],"and":[36,58,61],"can":[37],"be":[38],"interpreted":[39],"in":[40],"terms":[41],"from":[44],"electrons":[45],"with":[46,63],"high":[47],"toroidal":[48],"(low-energy":[50],"runaways).":[51],"This":[52],"interpretation":[53],"is":[54],"supported":[55],"by":[56],"soft-x-ray":[57],"plasma-resistivity":[59],"measurements":[60],"agrees":[62],"a":[64],"previous":[65],"theoretical":[66],"analysis.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
