{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996706447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","title":"Star Formation in Isolated Disk Galaxies. II. Schmidt Laws and Efficiency of Gravitational Collapse","display_name":"Star Formation in Isolated Disk Galaxies. II. Schmidt Laws and Efficiency of Gravitational Collapse","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996706447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","mag":"1996706447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/499350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/499350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/499350/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuexing Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338124936","display_name":"American Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/03thb3e06","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153167508","display_name":"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/04mh52z70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I153167508","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124175","display_name":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3r2d17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuexing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Current address: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138","Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 1328 Pupin Hall, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027","Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Current address: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153167508","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 1328 Pupin Hall, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mordecai\u2010Mark Mac Low","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338124936","display_name":"American Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/03thb3e06","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mordecai\u2010Mark Mac Low","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 1328 Pupin Hall, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027","Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 1328 Pupin Hall, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062809181","display_name":"Ralf Stephan Klessen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-3172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-3172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799713863","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03mrbr458","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799713863","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf S. Klessen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799713863"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0495,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9627206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"639","issue":"2","first_page":"879","last_page":"896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation","display_name":"star formation","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schmidt-law","display_name":"Schmidt law","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-instability","display_name":"gravitational instability","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-efficiency","display_name":"star formation efficiency","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-threshold","display_name":"star formation threshold","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-gas","display_name":"molecular gas","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-gases","display_name":"atomic gas","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-matter-halos","display_name":"dark matter halos","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-collapse","display_name":"gravitational collapse","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothed-particle-hydrodynamics","display_name":"smoothed particle hydrodynamics","score":0.8109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9574999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7426000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118396296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329273","display_name":"Gravitational collapse","level":2,"score":0.6747999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.6712999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776761751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15733031","display_name":"Gravitational instability","level":3,"score":0.6154999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122564879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733073","display_name":"Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics","level":2,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159249277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925","display_name":"Dark matter","level":2,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184665706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186310","display_name":"Halo","level":3,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.48660001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88148261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864952","display_name":"Dark matter halo","level":4,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206564472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475614","display_name":"Galaxy rotation curve","level":4,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127090403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1544012","display_name":"Gravitational potential","level":3,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174832881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503556","display_name":"Modified Newtonian dynamics","level":5,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146867326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914363","display_name":"Structure formation","level":3,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126320844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153477","display_name":"Cold dark matter","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/499350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/499350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0508054","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0508054","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0508054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.556.2043","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.556.2043","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/astro/Li_etal2006.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0508054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0508054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0508054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/499350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499350","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/499350/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1979832217","display_name":"Collaborative Research:     Fireworks at the Ballet:    Globular Cluster Formation, Bulge Dynamics and the Role of Central Black Holes in Galaxy Mergers","funder_award_id":"0307854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4472813285","display_name":"CAREER: Structure Formation and Support by Magnetized, Supersonic Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium and Star-Forming Regions","funder_award_id":"9985392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7107505370","display_name":"TRAIN THE NEXT GENERATION AND TO ENHANCE THE INFRA STRUCTURE FOR EDUCA-  TION AND RESEARCH AT THE FR","funder_award_id":"NAG513028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308760","display_name":"American Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/03thb3e06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1996706447.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1996706447.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138533297","https://openalex.org/W1505751335","https://openalex.org/W1639285581","https://openalex.org/W1646550972","https://openalex.org/W1681286495","https://openalex.org/W1930253690","https://openalex.org/W1964344398","https://openalex.org/W1965564909","https://openalex.org/W1965899591","https://openalex.org/W1969668528","https://openalex.org/W1972606539","https://openalex.org/W1973086534","https://openalex.org/W1973123432","https://openalex.org/W1973820299","https://openalex.org/W1975890942","https://openalex.org/W1977598213","https://openalex.org/W1978412322","https://openalex.org/W1982925215","https://openalex.org/W1987635305","https://openalex.org/W1988126119","https://openalex.org/W1989769264","https://openalex.org/W1990081659","https://openalex.org/W1991950801","https://openalex.org/W1994145175","https://openalex.org/W1995088170","https://openalex.org/W1995711731","https://openalex.org/W1997094259","https://openalex.org/W1999018575","https://openalex.org/W1999105363","https://openalex.org/W2001401569","https://openalex.org/W2005631644","https://openalex.org/W2005697822","https://openalex.org/W2007344832","https://openalex.org/W2008058165","https://openalex.org/W2012493187","https://openalex.org/W2014282890","https://openalex.org/W2015302325","https://openalex.org/W2016759553","https://openalex.org/W2018333478","https://openalex.org/W2018388366","https://openalex.org/W2018913073","https://openalex.org/W2020164402","https://openalex.org/W2020814246","https://openalex.org/W2020997141","https://openalex.org/W2021764656","https://openalex.org/W2022623309","https://openalex.org/W2025195593","https://openalex.org/W2026357841","https://openalex.org/W2027479743","https://openalex.org/W2027547158","https://openalex.org/W2028720924","https://openalex.org/W2029965202","https://openalex.org/W2035547408","https://openalex.org/W2036447390","https://openalex.org/W2037809736","https://openalex.org/W2038292231","https://openalex.org/W2040670765","https://openalex.org/W2046620005","https://openalex.org/W2047425557","https://openalex.org/W2051762527","https://openalex.org/W2058402562","https://openalex.org/W2060923448","https://openalex.org/W2061652310","https://openalex.org/W2062622766","https://openalex.org/W2062881881","https://openalex.org/W2063000920","https://openalex.org/W2063693343","https://openalex.org/W2064949162","https://openalex.org/W2065996612","https://openalex.org/W2068436852","https://openalex.org/W2069271107","https://openalex.org/W2069450153","https://openalex.org/W2070998352","https://openalex.org/W2071799194","https://openalex.org/W2072806875","https://openalex.org/W2073147034","https://openalex.org/W2079909597","https://openalex.org/W2080246054","https://openalex.org/W2088299068","https://openalex.org/W2089017458","https://openalex.org/W2089118837","https://openalex.org/W2089627525","https://openalex.org/W2090141377","https://openalex.org/W2091161890","https://openalex.org/W2091290989","https://openalex.org/W2092948595","https://openalex.org/W2099843519","https://openalex.org/W2100514692","https://openalex.org/W2100758318","https://openalex.org/W2102884276","https://openalex.org/W2110417064","https://openalex.org/W2111442944","https://openalex.org/W2114933536","https://openalex.org/W2115425301","https://openalex.org/W2116466430","https://openalex.org/W2131522386","https://openalex.org/W2131931841","https://openalex.org/W2134029361","https://openalex.org/W2137629619","https://openalex.org/W2138843640","https://openalex.org/W2144666007","https://openalex.org/W2149823722","https://openalex.org/W2151962171","https://openalex.org/W2154955582","https://openalex.org/W2165291644","https://openalex.org/W2166864754","https://openalex.org/W2168500673","https://openalex.org/W2168774379","https://openalex.org/W2170924363","https://openalex.org/W2601507719","https://openalex.org/W2952822475","https://openalex.org/W4301942467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884807432","https://openalex.org/W7100389585","https://openalex.org/W3103792718","https://openalex.org/W7098242973","https://openalex.org/W6910623390","https://openalex.org/W1651607888","https://openalex.org/W2036403435","https://openalex.org/W1995560807","https://openalex.org/W2962804440","https://openalex.org/W3121158522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,64,125,167,257],"model":[1,21],"gravitational":[2,90,184,243,274],"instability":[3,244,275],"in":[4,158,193,205],"a":[5,14,24,29,94,281],"wide":[6],"range":[7],"of":[8,31,46,113,147,173,182,190,199,212,242,265,276],"isolated":[9],"disk":[10,30,159],"galaxies,":[11],"using":[12],"GADGET,":[13],"three-dimensional,":[15],"smoothed":[16],"particle":[17,77],"hydrodynamics":[18],"code.":[19],"The":[20,153,186,203,221,278],"galaxies":[22,160,192],"include":[23],"dark":[25],"matter":[26],"halo":[27],"and":[28,33,70,82,110,115,118,130,135,149,209,230,248,252,286,293],"stars":[32,69],"isothermal":[34],"gas.":[35,49],"Absorbing":[36],"sink":[37,76],"particles":[38],"are":[39,56],"used":[40],"to":[41],"directly":[42,177],"measure":[43],"the":[44,51,58,66,75,84,89,101,133,170,180,207,210,213,218,227,232,239,246,253,262,266,272,284],"mass":[45],"gravitationally":[47,292],"collapsing":[48,59],"Below":[50],"density":[52,172],"at":[53],"which":[54],"they":[55],"inserted,":[57],"gas":[60,72,117,148,290],"is":[61,80,88,161],"fully":[62],"resolved.":[63],"make":[65],"assumption":[67],"that":[68,83,169,238],"molecular":[71,116],"form":[73],"within":[74],"once":[78],"it":[79],"created":[81],"star":[85,103,119,140,150,174,200,254,268],"formation":[86,104,120,151,175,201,255,269],"rate":[87,92,105,121,176],"collapse":[91],"times":[93],"constant":[95],"efficiency":[96,270],"factor.":[97],"In":[98],"our":[99,128,165,194,260],"models,":[100],"derived":[102],"declines":[106],"exponentially":[107],"with":[108,179,226,231],"time,":[109],"radial":[111],"profiles":[112],"atomic":[114],"reproduce":[122],"observed":[123,157,219,228],"behavior.":[124],"derive":[126,258],"from":[127,259],"models":[129,195,261],"discuss":[131],"both":[132,206],"global":[134,154,233,249,267],"local":[136,183,187,214,247],"Schmidt":[137,155,188,215,250],"laws":[138,189,216,251],"for":[139],"formation:":[141],"power-law":[142],"relations":[143],"between":[144],"surface":[145,171],"densities":[146],"rate.":[152],"law":[156],"quantitatively":[162],"reproduced":[163],"by":[164],"models.":[166],"find":[168],"correlates":[178],"strength":[181],"instability.":[185],"individual":[191],"show":[196],"clear":[197],"evidence":[198],"thresholds.":[202,256],"variations":[204],"slope":[208],"normalization":[211],"cover":[217],"range.":[220],"averaged":[222],"values":[223],"agree":[224],"well":[225],"average":[229],"law.":[234],"Our":[235],"results":[236],"suggest":[237],"nonlinear":[240],"development":[241],"determines":[245],"quantitative":[263],"dependence":[264],"on":[271],"initial":[273],"galaxies.":[277],"more":[279,287],"unstable":[280],"galaxy":[282],"is,":[283],"quicker":[285],"efficiently":[288],"its":[289],"collapses":[291],"forms":[294],"stars.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}