{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996536688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","title":"Medicine's symbolic reality","display_name":"Medicine's symbolic reality","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996536688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","mag":"1996536688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00201747308601685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S970508616","display_name":"Inquiry","issn_l":"0020-174X","issn":["0020-174X","1502-3923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103985370","display_name":"Arthur M. Kleinman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur M. Kleinman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103985370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1372,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91878279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1-4","first_page":"206","last_page":"213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-systems","display_name":"cultural systems","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-classification","display_name":"disease classification","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment","display_name":"treatment","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosomatic-medicine","display_name":"psychosomatic medicine","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychophysiology","display_name":"psychophysiology","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-medicine","display_name":"philosophy of medicine","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-theory","display_name":"medical theory","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.579033613204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5686378479003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776095079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489538","display_name":"The Symbolic","level":2,"score":0.5392749309539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5108386874198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48012399673461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128850910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163216","display_name":"Symbolic interactionism","level":2,"score":0.47127076983451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.45641711354255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4255492687225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992737218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Modern medicine","level":2,"score":0.4171915054321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37668225169181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3120773732662201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2132219672203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.19797587394714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14418545365333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13153645396232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1256680190563202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.09160763025283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00201747308601685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S970508616","display_name":"Inquiry","issn_l":"0020-174X","issn":["0020-174X","1502-3923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/765576","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/765576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:5063","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132272324","https://openalex.org/W580109688","https://openalex.org/W586024176","https://openalex.org/W2014592728","https://openalex.org/W2023116690","https://openalex.org/W2030033478","https://openalex.org/W2066323042","https://openalex.org/W2078048098","https://openalex.org/W2114757361","https://openalex.org/W2121334203","https://openalex.org/W2128807373","https://openalex.org/W2316366189","https://openalex.org/W2322139726","https://openalex.org/W2364916513","https://openalex.org/W2477669636","https://openalex.org/W2788682825","https://openalex.org/W2798210227","https://openalex.org/W2799156793","https://openalex.org/W2977349148","https://openalex.org/W3157527750","https://openalex.org/W4247060080","https://openalex.org/W4249121506","https://openalex.org/W4403115671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040886468","https://openalex.org/W2566141705","https://openalex.org/W7117447127","https://openalex.org/W2783301810","https://openalex.org/W2271469503","https://openalex.org/W2137464185","https://openalex.org/W2260220584","https://openalex.org/W4399574943","https://openalex.org/W370743743","https://openalex.org/W1967199597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"socio\u2010cultural":[1],"studies":[2,33,48],"of":[3,9,11,25,34,80,121],"medicine":[4,26,42],"demonstrate":[5],"the":[6,22,75,97],"symbolic":[7,15,66,86],"character":[8],"much":[10],"medical":[12,35,114],"reality.":[13],"This":[14,106],"reality":[16,87],"can":[17],"be":[18],"appreciated":[19],"as":[20,43,60],"mediating":[21],"traditional":[23],"division":[24],"into":[27],"biophysical":[28],"and":[29,55,77,82,94,101,104,116],"human":[30,45],"sciences.":[31],"Comparative":[32],"systems":[36],"offer":[37],"a":[38,44,61,90,110,118],"general":[39],"model":[40],"for":[41,99,113,117],"science.":[46],"These":[47],"document":[49],"that":[50],"medicine,":[51],"from":[52],"an":[53,69],"historical":[54],"cross\u2010cultural":[56],"perspective,":[57],"is":[58],"constituted":[59],"cultural":[62,93],"system":[63],"in":[64,72,83,107],"which":[65],"meanings":[67],"take":[68],"active":[70],"part":[71],"disease":[73],"formation,":[74],"classification":[76],"cognitive":[78],"management":[79],"illness,":[81],"therapy.":[84,105],"Medicine's":[85],"also":[88],"forms":[89],"bridge":[91],"between":[92],"psychophysiological":[95],"phenomena;":[96],"basis":[98],"psychosomatic":[100],"socioso\u2010matic":[102],"pathology":[103],"turn":[108],"becomes":[109],"central":[111],"problem":[112],"theory":[115],"philosophical":[119],"reinvestigation":[120],"medicine.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
