{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996501957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","title":"Induction of Apoptosis in the Germ Cells of Adult Male Rats after Exposure to Cyclophosphamide1","display_name":"Induction of Apoptosis in the Germ Cells of Adult Male Rats after Exposure to Cyclophosphamide1","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996501957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","mag":"1996501957","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130598054","display_name":"Biology of Reproduction","issn_l":"0006-3363","issn":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology of Reproduction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017873319","display_name":"Lu Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3048-1135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3048-1135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064334381","display_name":"Barbara F. Hales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-8883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-8883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara F. Hales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053805885","display_name":"Bernard Robaire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-2400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-2400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Robaire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1 Y6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053805885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":{"value":4605,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4605},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7064,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94339623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"1490","last_page":"1497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10116","display_name":"Sperm and Testicular Function","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10116","display_name":"Sperm and Testicular Function","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10364","display_name":"Reproductive Biology and Fertility","score":0.10890000313520432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclophosphamide","display_name":"cyclophosphamide","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-germ-cells","display_name":"male germ cells","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spermatogenesis","display_name":"spermatogenesis","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spermatogonia","display_name":"spermatogonia","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spermatocytes","display_name":"spermatocytes","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligospermia","display_name":"oligozoospermia","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azoospermia","display_name":"azoospermia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testicular-toxicity","display_name":"testicular toxicity","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-fragmentation","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-response-relationship","display_name":"dose-response relationship","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-course-of-apoptosis","display_name":"time course of apoptosis","score":0.5759999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.8354524970054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776755627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408524","display_name":"Cyclophosphamide","level":3,"score":0.7993500828742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196795494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1624817","display_name":"TUNEL assay","level":3,"score":0.7844835519790649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7287247180938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123765429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36961","display_name":"Spermatogenesis","level":2,"score":0.6960034966468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43759708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749256","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","level":4,"score":0.6660728454589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16685009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057","display_name":"Andrology","level":1,"score":0.5618739128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779122487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281579","display_name":"Germ cell","level":3,"score":0.502192497253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777420699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794026","display_name":"Azoospermia","level":4,"score":0.4999828338623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.47086799144744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4643082916736603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154113507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411149","display_name":"Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase","level":4,"score":0.4521494209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31573885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484","display_name":"Programmed cell death","level":3,"score":0.23950979113578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135","display_name":"Chemotherapy","level":2,"score":0.21964433789253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777688143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179399","display_name":"Infertility","level":3,"score":0.13768377900123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10597473382949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.08949786424636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.08679717779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.07814526557922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003520","descriptor_name":"Cyclophosphamide","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004249","descriptor_name":"DNA Damage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008540","descriptor_name":"Meiosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009845","descriptor_name":"Oligospermia","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009845","descriptor_name":"Oligospermia","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009845","descriptor_name":"Oligospermia","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013091","descriptor_name":"Spermatogenesis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013094","descriptor_name":"Spermatozoa","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013094","descriptor_name":"Spermatozoa","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013094","descriptor_name":"Spermatozoa","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017207","descriptor_name":"Rats, Sprague-Dawley","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018906","descriptor_name":"Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053938","descriptor_name":"DNA Fragmentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130598054","display_name":"Biology of Reproduction","issn_l":"0006-3363","issn":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology of Reproduction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9166702","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology of reproduction","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324195","display_name":"Medical Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553424964","https://openalex.org/W1582722466","https://openalex.org/W1586740912","https://openalex.org/W1628220379","https://openalex.org/W1630176173","https://openalex.org/W1765236658","https://openalex.org/W1892554314","https://openalex.org/W1893831771","https://openalex.org/W1964666682","https://openalex.org/W1965444519","https://openalex.org/W1966751798","https://openalex.org/W1968661895","https://openalex.org/W1969502142","https://openalex.org/W1975497932","https://openalex.org/W1978723594","https://openalex.org/W1979903197","https://openalex.org/W1984247677","https://openalex.org/W1986269821","https://openalex.org/W1986858409","https://openalex.org/W1988783532","https://openalex.org/W1991619717","https://openalex.org/W1993858796","https://openalex.org/W1998396944","https://openalex.org/W1999340517","https://openalex.org/W2001427586","https://openalex.org/W2007861801","https://openalex.org/W2008948379","https://openalex.org/W2011862626","https://openalex.org/W2015288633","https://openalex.org/W2016759352","https://openalex.org/W2017631442","https://openalex.org/W2035053588","https://openalex.org/W2052853635","https://openalex.org/W2056527769","https://openalex.org/W2056748053","https://openalex.org/W2057361916","https://openalex.org/W2068232836","https://openalex.org/W2070550189","https://openalex.org/W2071926776","https://openalex.org/W2072257741","https://openalex.org/W2078365640","https://openalex.org/W2081676666","https://openalex.org/W2084470802","https://openalex.org/W2085046013","https://openalex.org/W2094267638","https://openalex.org/W2107648932","https://openalex.org/W2107976115","https://openalex.org/W2123346513","https://openalex.org/W2139688550","https://openalex.org/W2144514579","https://openalex.org/W2147266699","https://openalex.org/W2163970711","https://openalex.org/W2252403865","https://openalex.org/W2254980079","https://openalex.org/W2295110019","https://openalex.org/W2403233854","https://openalex.org/W2726236446","https://openalex.org/W4212987408","https://openalex.org/W4300155938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3030660420","https://openalex.org/W2358137391","https://openalex.org/W2380168168","https://openalex.org/W1968277965","https://openalex.org/W7100115581","https://openalex.org/W2154666565","https://openalex.org/W1527039926","https://openalex.org/W2064263651","https://openalex.org/W3120610875","https://openalex.org/W2110130759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Treatment":[0],"with":[1,90,123],"cyclophosphamide,":[2,98],"a":[3,91,184,209,264],"commonly":[4],"used":[5],"anticancer":[6],"drug,":[7],"may":[8,243,262],"result":[9],"in":[10,31,66,72,151,153,155,212,222,232,236,246,267],"oligozoospermia":[11,250],"or":[12,251],"azoospermia.":[13],"The":[14,51],"objective":[15],"of":[16,24,41,49,53,82,97,125,147,159,164,173,206,225,249,257,275],"this":[17],"study":[18],"was":[19,55,149,229],"to":[20,27,197],"determine":[21,78,116],"whether":[22],"exposure":[23],"male":[25,32,85],"rats":[26,87,120],"cyclophosphamide":[28,126,207,254],"induces":[29],"apoptosis":[30,42,54,148,174,220,242],"germ":[33,157,226,260],"cells,":[34,227],"and":[35,44,68,99,110,131,134,162,180,193,234,239],"if":[36],"so,":[37],"when":[38],"the":[39,79,100,117,135,165,171,247,272],"peak":[40,185],"occurs":[43],"at":[45,177,186],"what":[46],"specific":[47],"stages":[48,160,224,237],"spermatogenesis.":[50],"presence":[52],"determined":[56],"by":[57,69,200],"terminal":[58],"deoxynucleotidyl":[59],"transferase-mediated":[60],"dUTP":[61],"nick":[62],"end-labeling":[63],"(TUNEL)":[64],"detection":[65],"situ":[67],"an":[70],"increase":[71,211],"DNA":[73],"fragmentation":[74],"(DNA":[75],"ladder).":[76],"To":[77,115],"time":[80],"course":[81],"drug-induced":[83,219],"apoptosis,":[84],"Sprague-Dawley":[86],"were":[88,102,121,137],"treated":[89,122],"single":[92],"dose":[93,118,205],"(70":[94],"mg/kg":[95],"BW)":[96],"testes":[101,136],"fixed":[103,138],"0,":[104],"4,":[105],"8,":[106],"12,":[107],"18,":[108],"24,":[109],"48":[111,201],"h":[112,140,179,188],"after":[113,141,253],"treatment.":[114,142,255],"response,":[119],"doses":[124,215],"(0,":[127],"2,":[128],"7,":[129],"20,":[130],"70":[132],"mg/kg),":[133],"12":[139,187],"A":[143,203],"low":[144],"spontaneous":[145],"incidence":[146,172],"observed":[150],"controls,":[152],"particular":[154],"premeiotic":[156,259],"cells":[158,261],"I-IV":[161,238],"XI-XIV":[163],"seminiferous":[166],"tubules.":[167],"In":[168],"cyclophosphamide-exposed":[169],"rats,":[170],"increased":[175],"progressively":[176],"4":[178],"8":[181],"h,":[182],"reached":[183],"(about":[189],"3.5-fold":[190],"above":[191],"control),":[192],"then":[194],"decreased":[195],"rapidly":[196],"control":[198],"levels":[199],"h.":[202],"70-mg/kg":[204],"induced":[208],"significant":[210],"apoptosis;":[213],"lower":[214],"did":[216],"not.":[217],"Although":[218],"occurred":[221],"all":[223],"it":[228],"most":[230],"pronounced":[231],"spermatogonia":[233],"spermatocytes":[235],"XI-XIV.":[240],"Thus,":[241],"be":[244],"involved":[245],"occurrence":[248],"azoospermia":[252],"Apoptosis":[256],"damaged":[258],"serve":[263],"critical":[265],"role":[266],"protecting":[268],"subsequent":[269],"generations":[270],"from":[271],"diverse":[273],"effects":[274],"toxicants.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}