{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995904757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","title":"Utility of percentage of births to teenagers as a surrogate for the teen birth rate.","display_name":"Utility of percentage of births to teenagers as a surrogate for the teen birth rate.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995904757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","mag":"1995904757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618618","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1508223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1508223","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007535386","display_name":"Jeffrey B. Gould","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8495-077X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8495-077X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Gould","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720-7360, USA. jgould@uclink4.berkeley.edu","Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-7360, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720-7360, USA. jgould@uclink4.berkeley.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-7360, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T Blackwell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Blackwell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102763224","display_name":"Charles M. Heilig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-1310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-1310"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Heilig","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012975439","display_name":"M Axley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Axley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79389138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"6","first_page":"908","last_page":"912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10960","display_name":"Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teenage-birth-rate","display_name":"teen birth rates","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teenage-pregnancy","display_name":"adolescent pregnancy","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-measures","display_name":"surrogate measures","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68443243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686","display_name":"Quartile","level":3,"score":0.8439548015594482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.7457129955291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6517987251281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37512671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203516","display_name":"Birth rate","level":4,"score":0.5459299683570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778279030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543380","display_name":"Live birth","level":3,"score":0.5313715934753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159744936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126730","display_name":"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4307540953159332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101601086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753228","display_name":"Rank correlation","level":2,"score":0.4289485514163971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3078298568725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.2576822340488434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.22289800643920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15766212344169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.13348078727722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12609955668449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.10251626372337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08336532115936279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.07588386535644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001723","descriptor_name":"Birth Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002140","descriptor_name":"California","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011253","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy in Adolescence","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011256","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.6.908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1508223","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1508223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:9618618","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1508223","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1508223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.766700029373169}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97661960","https://openalex.org/W1599621040","https://openalex.org/W1882120692","https://openalex.org/W1988421289","https://openalex.org/W2037048114","https://openalex.org/W2169240400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613617858","https://openalex.org/W2610631058","https://openalex.org/W1976729174","https://openalex.org/W4396946939","https://openalex.org/W2965223504","https://openalex.org/W2145948119","https://openalex.org/W2056523586","https://openalex.org/W7095344433","https://openalex.org/W4299965244","https://openalex.org/W2578676808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"The":[1,60,160],"teen":[2,13,17,46,67,71,107,171],"birth":[3,18,47,72,172],"rate":[4,73,128,173],"is":[5,166],"commonly":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,12,174],"comparing":[9],"regional":[10],"variation":[11],"pregnancies,":[14],"but":[15],"local":[16],"rates":[19],"are":[20,33],"not":[21],"always":[22],"available.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"study":[26],"the":[27,45,81,145],"percentage":[28,65,161],"of":[29,66,104,106,116,121,129,139,162],"all":[30],"births":[31,68,108,163],"that":[32,86],"to":[34,91,94,164],"teens":[35,165],"was":[36],"evaluated":[37],"for":[38,44,80,144,170],"its":[39],"utility":[40],"as":[41],"a":[42,119,126,135,167],"surrogate":[43,169],"rate.":[48],"METHODS:":[49],"Rank":[50],"correlation":[51],"and":[52,54,70,78,124,132,134,142,154],"sensitivity":[53,120],"specificity":[55],"analyses":[56],"were":[57,75],"used.":[58],"RESULTS:":[59],"Spearman":[61],"rank":[62],"correlations":[63],"between":[64],"(PTB)":[69],"(TBR)":[74],".995,":[76],".906,":[77],".841":[79],"3":[82],"age":[83,146],"groups":[84,147],"suggesting":[85],"it":[87],"may":[88],"be":[89],"reasonable":[90],"employ":[92],"PTB":[93],"prioritize":[95],"zip":[96,110],"codes.":[97],"Zip":[98],"codes":[99,111],"with":[100,112,118],"upper":[101,113],"quartile":[102,114],"levels":[103,115],"percentages":[105],"identified":[109],"TBR":[117],"83.8%,":[122],"68.8%,":[123],"65%;":[125],"false-positive":[127],"2.1%,":[130],"8.6%,":[131],"10%;":[133],"positive":[136],"predictive":[137],"value":[138],"89.3%,":[140],"67.6%,":[141],"67.5%":[143],"10":[148],"through":[149,152,156],"14,":[150],"15":[151],"17,":[153],"18":[155],"19":[157],"years.":[158],"CONCLUSIONS:":[159],"useful":[168],"California,":[175],"especially":[176],"among":[177],"younger":[178],"teenagers.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}