{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995887559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","title":"The 'expert' in problem-based and case-based learning: necessary or not?","display_name":"The 'expert' in problem-based and case-based learning: necessary or not?","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995887559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","mag":"1995887559","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11123591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071199401","display_name":"Phillipa Hay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0296-6856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0296-6856"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillipa Jane Hay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053042389","display_name":"Mary Katsikitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-7770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-7770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Katsikitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":{"value":5250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.2246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99333053,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"22","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0908999964594841,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"problem-based learning","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-based-learning","display_name":"case-based learning","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-group-instruction","display_name":"small group instruction","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eating-disorders","display_name":"eating disorders","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"knowledge acquisition","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-communication","display_name":"oral communication","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-learning","display_name":"adult learning","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.9070953130722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6846553087234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.6743054389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6446302533149719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.5872648358345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.520058810710907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42552435398101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.4213458001613617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3460969924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3044571578502655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2706695795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.16291776299476624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15502524375915527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008611","descriptor_name":"Mentors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018794","descriptor_name":"Problem-Based Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018794","descriptor_name":"Problem-Based Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00679.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11123591","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11123591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical education","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/6527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/6527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628303716","https://openalex.org/W1585728732","https://openalex.org/W1971415067","https://openalex.org/W1977778994","https://openalex.org/W1978135801","https://openalex.org/W1979072331","https://openalex.org/W1981273247","https://openalex.org/W1986082077","https://openalex.org/W2018418597","https://openalex.org/W2033675443","https://openalex.org/W2034868451","https://openalex.org/W2044026357","https://openalex.org/W2056077940","https://openalex.org/W2075517222","https://openalex.org/W2094379154","https://openalex.org/W3208856887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911635922","https://openalex.org/W2158307871","https://openalex.org/W2099049234","https://openalex.org/W2157054040","https://openalex.org/W2018418597","https://openalex.org/W2802126033","https://openalex.org/W1997907336","https://openalex.org/W1932419534","https://openalex.org/W1661525092","https://openalex.org/W2016888636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Problem-based":[1],"learning":[2,115],"(PBL)":[3],"and":[4,105,111,117,138,178],"other":[5,118],"small-group":[6],"teaching":[7,44,59,85,188],"methods":[8,26,116],"which":[9],"incorporate":[10],"principles":[11],"of":[12,24,41,58,86,113,149,187],"adult":[13],"learning,":[14],"are":[15],"exciting":[16],"innovations":[17],"in":[18,60,72,146,161,165],"medical":[19,28,79],"education.":[20],"In":[21],"the":[22,39,56,126,147,157,162,166,179],"application":[23],"these":[25],"to":[27,54,84],"curricula":[29],"many":[30],"schools":[31],"have":[32],"introduced":[33],"non-expert":[34,42,92,127,190],"tutors.":[35,191],"However,":[36],"research":[37,183],"evaluating":[38],"effectiveness":[40],"lead":[43],"has":[45],"been":[46],"inconclusive.":[47],"AIM:":[48],"The":[49,121,170],"present":[50],"study":[51,122],"aim":[52],"was":[53,129],"compare":[55],"outcome":[57],"small":[61],"groups":[62],"facilitated":[63],"by":[64,90,100,109,156,189],"either":[65,89],"an":[66,94],"'expert'":[67],"or":[68,93],"a":[69,73,91,102],"'non-expert'":[70],"tutor,":[71],"single":[74],"topic":[75,167],"area.":[76,168],"METHOD:":[77],"Fourth-year":[78],"students":[80,112,143,152],"were":[81,98,154],"allocated":[82],"randomly":[83],"eating":[87],"disorders":[88],"expert":[95,158],"tutor.":[96],"Outcomes":[97],"evaluated":[99],"(i)":[101],"knowledge":[103],"test,":[104],"(ii)":[106],"self-report":[107],"ratings":[108],"tutors":[110],"their":[114],"qualities.":[119],"RESULTS:":[120],"found":[123],"that":[124,173],"while":[125],"tutor":[128],"rated":[130,141],"more":[131,144,182],"highly":[132,145],"for":[133,181],"her":[134,142],"group":[135],"management":[136],"skills,":[137],"she":[139],"also":[140],"area":[148],"oral":[150],"communication,":[151],"who":[153],"taught":[155],"scored":[159],"higher":[160],"end-of-course":[163],"test":[164],"CONCLUSION:":[169],"findings":[171],"suggest":[172],"caution":[174],"should":[175],"be":[176],"exercised,":[177],"need":[180],"before":[184],"widespread":[185],"adoption":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}