{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995842447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","title":"Water Consumption in the United States in 1994\u201396 and Implications for Water Fluoridation Policy","display_name":"Water Consumption in the United States in 1994\u201396 and Implications for Water Fluoridation Policy","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995842447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","mag":"1995842447","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18039248","display_name":"Journal of Public Health Dentistry","issn_l":"0022-4006","issn":["0022-4006","1752-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health Dentistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064995141","display_name":"Keith E. Heller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith E. Heller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. kheller@umich.edu","Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. kheller@umich.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091313685","display_name":"Woosung Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-9652","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-9652"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Woosung Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Send correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Heller, Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109\u20132029. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Send correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Heller, Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109\u20132029. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086668431","display_name":"Brian A. Burt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-2433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-2433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian A. Burt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Send correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Heller, Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109\u20132029. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Send correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Heller, Department of Epidemiology, Program in Dental Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109\u20132029. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005126876","display_name":"Stephen A. Eklund","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen A. Eklund","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064995141","https://openalex.org/A5086668431","https://openalex.org/A5091313685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92627848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11969","display_name":"Fluoride Effects and Removal","score":0.7666000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11969","display_name":"Fluoride Effects and Removal","score":0.7666000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.21089999377727509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-use","display_name":"water consumption","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-fluoridation","display_name":"water fluoridation","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoride-intake","display_name":"fluoride intake","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-formula","display_name":"infant formula","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cow-s-milk","display_name":"cow's milk","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-drinks","display_name":"soft drinks","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-juice","display_name":"fruit juice","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779097656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125466","display_name":"Water fluoridation","level":3,"score":0.8337612152099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7664174437522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6786134243011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982944804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water consumption","level":2,"score":0.601949155330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987526018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213449","display_name":"Food consumption","level":2,"score":0.5629889965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17538187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506004","display_name":"Tap water","level":2,"score":0.48695477843284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.440830796957016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780828025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44793182","display_name":"Fluoride","level":2,"score":0.43114417791366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3441160023212433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.3226618766784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3113614320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.15236547589302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.12669247388839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10944828391075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001628","descriptor_name":"Beverages","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004034","descriptor_name":"Diet Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004326","descriptor_name":"Drinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004327","descriptor_name":"Drinking Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005457","descriptor_name":"Fluoridation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005459","descriptor_name":"Fluorides","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012494","descriptor_name":"Sampling Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012621","descriptor_name":"Seasons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03228.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18039248","display_name":"Journal of Public Health Dentistry","issn_l":"0022-4006","issn":["0022-4006","1752-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health Dentistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11396041","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of public health dentistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50728517","https://openalex.org/W62651435","https://openalex.org/W144998491","https://openalex.org/W1529636518","https://openalex.org/W1550848926","https://openalex.org/W1895770905","https://openalex.org/W1963593098","https://openalex.org/W1966744658","https://openalex.org/W1969365673","https://openalex.org/W1975382772","https://openalex.org/W1987269819","https://openalex.org/W2037521429","https://openalex.org/W2051574632","https://openalex.org/W2057485554","https://openalex.org/W2062107277","https://openalex.org/W2062856531","https://openalex.org/W2079963763","https://openalex.org/W2082928759","https://openalex.org/W2092955916","https://openalex.org/W2147476249","https://openalex.org/W2238674884","https://openalex.org/W2271995345","https://openalex.org/W2342346164","https://openalex.org/W2465075121","https://openalex.org/W4236158703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611045871","https://openalex.org/W2170615826","https://openalex.org/W2011943779","https://openalex.org/W2026583851","https://openalex.org/W2470161523","https://openalex.org/W2336139438","https://openalex.org/W1969796682","https://openalex.org/W4283014535","https://openalex.org/W2091584114","https://openalex.org/W50728517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"The":[1],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,41,57,83,114,120,144],"this":[4],"project":[5],"was":[6,179,207],"to":[7,14,17,29,65,134],"describe":[8],"current":[9],"water":[10,23,34,122,160,201,220,227],"consumption":[11,24,35,91,113,119,143,161,228],"patterns":[12],"and":[13,36,79,85,100,117,123,139,147,151,168,184,203,217,229],"compare":[15],"them":[16],"findings":[18,39,214],"from":[19,47,52,67],"earlier":[20,69],"studies.":[21],"Current":[22],"data":[25,92,103],"also":[26],"were":[27,63,93,126],"used":[28],"reevaluate":[30],"the":[31,53,72,80,88,109,129,135,163,182,191],"association":[32,199],"between":[33,162,181,200],"climate.":[37,230],"These":[38,213],"are":[40,215],"importance":[42],"in":[43,87,108,128,159,187,190,209],"estimating":[44],"fluoride":[45],"intake":[46,102,202],"fluoridated":[48],"water.":[49],"METHODS:":[50],"Findings":[51],"1994-96":[54],"Continuing":[55],"Survey":[56,77],"Food":[58,75,90],"Intakes":[59],"by":[60],"Individuals":[61],"(CSFII)":[62],"compared":[64,133],"those":[66],"two":[68,105],"dietary":[70],"studies,":[71],"1977-78":[73],"Nationwide":[74],"Consumption":[76],"(NFCS)":[78],"pioneering":[81],"research":[82,225],"Galagan":[84,150],"colleagues":[86,152],"1950s.":[89],"analyzed":[94],"for":[95,104,131],"14,619":[96],"persons":[97],"with":[98],"food":[99],"beverage":[101],"24-hour":[106],"periods":[107],"CSFII.":[110,192],"RESULTS:":[111],"Increased":[112],"infant":[115],"formulas":[116],"decreased":[118],"tap":[121],"cow's":[124],"milk":[125],"seen":[127,180],"CSFII":[130],"infants":[132],"NFCS.":[136],"Older":[137],"children":[138],"adults":[140],"showed":[141],"increased":[142],"carbonated":[145],"beverages":[146],"juices.":[148],"While":[149],"found":[153],"about":[154],"a":[155,175],"60":[156],"percent":[157,177],"increase":[158],"coldest":[164],"(55":[165],"degrees":[166,171],"F)":[167,172],"warmest":[169],"(85":[170],"conditions,":[173],"only":[174],"20":[176],"difference":[178],"winter":[183],"summer":[185],"months":[186],"certain":[188],"regions":[189],"CONCLUSIONS:":[193],"No":[194],"obvious":[195],"strong":[196],"or":[197,205],"consistent":[198],"month":[204],"season":[206],"apparent":[208],"these":[210],"recent":[211],"data.":[212],"preliminary,":[216],"suggest":[218],"that":[219],"fluoridation":[221],"policy":[222],"requires":[223],"further":[224],"regarding":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
