{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995831271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","title":"Law of Apostasy and Freedom of Religion in Malaysia","display_name":"Law of Apostasy and Freedom of Religion in Malaysia","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995831271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","mag":"1995831271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2202/1932-0205.1060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198406126","display_name":"Asian Journal of Comparative Law","issn_l":"1932-0205","issn":["1932-0205","2194-6078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Comparative Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000596250","display_name":"Mohamed Azam Mohamed Adil","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Azam Mohamed Adil","raw_affiliation_strings":["MARA University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MARA University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000596250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0536,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98695883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13336","display_name":"Religious Freedom and Discrimination","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13336","display_name":"Religious Freedom and Discrimination","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13646","display_name":"Qur\u2019anic Interpretation Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14235","display_name":"Linguistic, Cultural, and Literary Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apostasy","display_name":"apostasy","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-freedom","display_name":"religious freedom","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-law","display_name":"Islamic law","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repentance","display_name":"repentance","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/death-penalty","display_name":"death penalty","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-courts","display_name":"Islamic courts","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-constitution-of-malaysia","display_name":"Federal Constitution of Malaysia","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/article-11","display_name":"Article 11","score":0.753000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777393896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223681","display_name":"Apostasy","level":3,"score":0.9947357177734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.7056305408477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6697682738304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500","display_name":"Faith","level":2,"score":0.5888203382492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775854416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171899","display_name":"Freedom of religion","level":3,"score":0.5675914287567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.556594729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778459489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497263","display_name":"Repentance","level":2,"score":0.5300091505050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48404306173324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2389167845249176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.23189762234687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.2070266306400299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08783480525016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.05828496813774109}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2202/1932-0205.1060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198406126","display_name":"Asian Journal of Comparative Law","issn_l":"1932-0205","issn":["1932-0205","2194-6078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Comparative Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361519321","https://openalex.org/W562849192","https://openalex.org/W585431957","https://openalex.org/W586631937","https://openalex.org/W594168536","https://openalex.org/W605192067","https://openalex.org/W607836212","https://openalex.org/W637504361","https://openalex.org/W1492114501","https://openalex.org/W1508476229","https://openalex.org/W1521871061","https://openalex.org/W1526928563","https://openalex.org/W1533373120","https://openalex.org/W1544728102","https://openalex.org/W1596340488","https://openalex.org/W1979880156","https://openalex.org/W2163913743","https://openalex.org/W2586747831","https://openalex.org/W2623539932","https://openalex.org/W2965193384","https://openalex.org/W4252721898","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2202680668","https://openalex.org/W7216827507","https://openalex.org/W4301358093","https://openalex.org/W7148198084","https://openalex.org/W819938341","https://openalex.org/W7148209146","https://openalex.org/W1984955689","https://openalex.org/W2220995693","https://openalex.org/W3032063109","https://openalex.org/W2312580223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129],"right":[1,41,130,189,235],"to":[2,42,49,55,67,122,131,151,159,173,190,210,218,233,236],"freedom":[3,43,132,191,237],"of":[4,8,21,34,44,126,133,140,144,166,187,192,197,222,238],"religion":[5,45,118,134,193],"is":[6,16,46,76,135,231],"one":[7],"the":[9,32,40,57,68,80,88,92,97,116,141,152,163,167,188,195,200,212,234],"fundamental":[10],"rights":[11],"guaranteed":[12,136],"in":[13,18,29,79,137,157],"Islam.":[14,111],"This":[15,181],"emphasised":[17],"verse":[19],"256":[20],"Sura":[22],"al-Baqara:":[23],"\"Let":[24],"there":[25],"be":[26,65],"no":[27],"compulsion":[28],"religion\".":[30],"However,":[31,146],"majority":[33],"classical":[35],"Muslim":[36],"jurists":[37],"opine":[38],"that":[39,51,206],"not":[47,77,84],"applicable":[48],"Muslims,":[50],"Muslims":[52,112,207],"who":[53,61,113,208],"intend":[54,209],"leave":[56,211],"Islamic":[58,117,148,201,213],"faith":[59,214],"or":[60],"have":[62],"apostatised":[63],"should":[64],"condemned":[66],"death":[69,98],"penalty.":[70],"In":[71],"reality,":[72],"punishment":[73,227],"for":[74,229],"apostasy":[75,160,198,230],"prescribed":[78,228],"Qur'an":[81],"and":[82,108,179,194,204,225],"had":[83,95],"been":[85],"practised":[86],"by":[87],"Prophet":[89,93],"(S.A.W.).":[90],"Instead,":[91],"(S.A.W.)":[94],"imposed":[96],"penalty":[99],"upon":[100],"apostates":[101],"because":[102],"their":[103],"acts":[104],"were":[105,119],"contemptuous":[106],"of,":[107],"hostile":[109],"towards,":[110],"merely":[114],"renounced":[115],"only":[120,216],"required":[121,217],"undergo":[123,219],"a":[124,220],"process":[125,221],"repentance":[127,223],"(tawba).":[128],"Article":[138],"11(1)":[139],"Federal":[142],"Constitution":[143],"Malaysia.":[145],"as":[147,176],"matters":[149],"belong":[150],"state":[153],"jurisdictions,":[154],"most":[155],"provisions":[156],"relation":[158],"are":[161,171,215],"under":[162],"exclusive":[164],"jurisdiction":[165],"Shari'a":[168],"Courts.":[169],"Apostates":[170],"subject":[172],"punishments":[174],"such":[175],"fine,":[177],"imprisonment":[178],"whipping.":[180],"article":[182],"makes":[183],"an":[184],"in-depth":[185],"study":[186],"issue":[196],"from":[199],"law":[202],"perspective,":[203],"argues":[205],"(tawba),":[224],"any":[226],"contrary":[232],"religion.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}