{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995748153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","title":"Iron Age and Roman copper alloys from northern Britain","display_name":"Iron Age and Roman copper alloys from northern Britain","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995748153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","mag":"1995748153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11141/ia.2.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37732689","display_name":"Internet Archaeology","issn_l":"1363-5387","issn":["1363-5387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311593","host_organization_name":"University of York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of York"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet Archaeology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78c70bd4a10f4f42b82b5e3f7ce59c44","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Dungworth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Dungworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1103},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1413,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95212766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13621","display_name":"Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tin-bronze","display_name":"tin bronze","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brass","display_name":"brass","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gunmetal","display_name":"gunmetal","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/celtic-metalwork","display_name":"Celtic metalwork","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-recycling","display_name":"metal recycling","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roman-metallurgy","display_name":"Roman metallurgy","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-britain","display_name":"northern Britain","score":0.47600001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780033417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39782","display_name":"Brass","level":3,"score":0.8309173583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.7034022212028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778478046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095","display_name":"Bronze","level":2,"score":0.6372355818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102125574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25293","display_name":"Celtic languages","level":2,"score":0.6364347338676453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.6298386454582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.6141009330749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985422158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518350","display_name":"Copper alloy","level":3,"score":0.6119770407676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096","display_name":"Tin","level":2,"score":0.5300778150558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120876096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761","display_name":"Bronze Age","level":2,"score":0.5183773636817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58009596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11764","display_name":"Iron Age","level":2,"score":0.5148407816886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.49240338802337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535196362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758","display_name":"Zinc","level":2,"score":0.45327651500701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4445056617259979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.35978230834007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.3560348451137543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.21938911080360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.1475646197795868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11141/ia.2.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.2.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37732689","display_name":"Internet Archaeology","issn_l":"1363-5387","issn":["1363-5387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311593","host_organization_name":"University of York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of York"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet Archaeology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/445179","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/445179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"U - Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78c70bd4a10f4f42b82b5e3f7ce59c44","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78c70bd4a10f4f42b82b5e3f7ce59c44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Internet Archaeology, Iss 2 (1997)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.dur.ac.uk:1024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1024/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402363","display_name":"Durham e-Theses (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78c70bd4a10f4f42b82b5e3f7ce59c44","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78c70bd4a10f4f42b82b5e3f7ce59c44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Internet Archaeology, Iss 2 (1997)","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155366403","https://openalex.org/W2012295635","https://openalex.org/W2973993495","https://openalex.org/W4200568407","https://openalex.org/W2016011039","https://openalex.org/W3107972291","https://openalex.org/W4285234045","https://openalex.org/W2332648543","https://openalex.org/W3161045714","https://openalex.org/W2143256083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,79,173,196],"paper":[1,357],"presents":[2],"the":[3,25,40,46,87,93,126,135,138,142,146,150,162,170,175,188,192,217,238,249,254,263,266,275,294,346,349,384,401,411,416,421],"chemical":[4],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,27,30,48,60,74,89,104,117,128,137,149,160,164,191,204,214,219,302,330,348,354,362,386,392,400,404,410,427],"over":[7,293],"1500":[8],"Iron":[9,54,109,139,151],"Age":[10,55,110,140,152],"and":[11,23,98,111,184,186,207,221,248,265,269,287,332,351,378,389,391,396,406,409],"Roman":[12,94,112,143,165,205,363,417],"copper":[13,283,364],"alloy":[14,80,194,227,309,376],"artefacts.":[15],"The":[16,106,156,233,242,300,328,356,380],"data":[17,422],"are":[18,57,211,271],"considered":[19],"as":[20,339],"a":[21,28,65,71,115,212,259,428,431,434],"whole":[22],"in":[24,92,216,296,375,383,415],"light":[26,385],"number":[29,213],"key":[31],"archaeological":[32,394],"variables:":[33],"chronology,":[34],"typology,":[35],"provenance.":[36],"Patterns":[37],"evident":[38],"from":[39,369],"analyses":[41,256],"carried":[42],"out":[43],"have":[44],"enabled":[45],"nature":[47],"alloys":[49,56,90,113,166,284],"to":[50,77,134,237,246,251,273,372,420],"be":[51],"reliably":[52],"characterised.":[53],"almost":[58],"exclusively":[59],"one":[61],"type":[62],"only":[63],"-":[64],"tin":[66,222,352],"bronze":[67,97,264,331],"which":[68,131,229,297],"often":[69],"contains":[70],"small":[72],"amount":[73],"arsenic":[75],"(up":[76],"1%).":[78],"is":[81,122,280,341,423],"quite":[82],"distinctive":[83],"when":[84],"compared":[85],"with":[86,101,153,325],"range":[88,163],"used":[91,167],"period":[95,144],"(brass,":[96],"gunmetal,":[99],"all":[100],"varying":[102],"amounts":[103],"lead).":[105],"contrast":[107],"between":[108,177,262],"allows":[114],"reconsideration":[116],"many":[118,399],"'Celtic'":[119,129,154],"items.":[120],"It":[121,279],"now":[123],"clear":[124,281],"that":[125,224,282,288,307,334,367],"majority":[127],"metalwork":[130],"survives":[132],"dates":[133],"end":[136],"or":[141,437],"(despite":[145],"traditional":[147,402],"equation":[148],"material).":[155],"most":[157],"successful":[158],"means":[159,426],"representing":[161],"has":[168],"been":[169],"three-dimensional":[171],"plot.":[172],"examines":[174],"relationship":[176],"two":[178],"elements":[179],"(in":[180],"this":[181,298,308],"case":[182],"zinc":[183,220,304,350],"tin)":[185],"shows":[187,306],"relative":[189],"frequency":[190],"different":[193],"types.":[195],"3-D":[197],"plot":[198],"also":[199],"illustrates":[200],"some":[201,289,326],"general":[202],"features":[203],"alloying":[206],"possible":[208],"recycling.":[209],"There":[210],"peaks":[215],"distribution":[218,347],"contents":[223,353],"represent":[225],"specific":[226],"types":[228],"were":[230,285,335],"commonly":[231],"produced.":[232],"largest":[234],"peak":[235,244,344],"relates":[236,245],"commonest":[239],"alloy:":[240],"bronze.":[241,327],"second":[243],"brass":[247,267,317,333],"third":[250],"copper.":[252],"All":[253],"remaining":[255],"fall":[257],"into":[258],"diffuse":[260],"area":[261],"peaks,":[268],"these":[270],"referred":[272],"by":[274,425,438],"modern":[276],"term":[277],"gunmetal.":[278],"recycled":[286,312,319],"care":[290],"was":[291,310,318,322],"taken":[292],"ways":[295],"occurred.":[299],"lack":[301],"low":[303],"brasses":[305],"rarely":[311],"on":[313],"its":[314],"own.":[315],"If":[316],"then":[320],"it":[321],"always":[323],"mixed":[324,336],"proportions":[329],"varied":[337],"widely":[338],"there":[340],"no":[342],"distinct":[343],"within":[345],"gunmetals.":[355],"uses":[358],"an":[359,439],"overall":[360],"view":[361],"metallurgy":[365],"(and":[366],"derived":[368],"previous":[370],"work)":[371],"examine":[373],"changes":[374],"production":[377],"use.":[379],"results":[381],"(interpreted":[382],"metallurgical":[387],"theory":[388,395],"practice,":[390],"wider":[393],"data)":[397],"challenge":[398],"accounts":[403],"chronological":[405],"cultural":[407],"change,":[408],"deposition":[412],"processes":[413],"operating":[414],"period.":[418],"Access":[419],"provided":[424],"clickable":[429],"map,":[430],"typological":[432],"catalogue,":[433],"site":[435],"catalogue":[436],"individual":[440],"record.":[441]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
