{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995667525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","title":"Out of passivity: potential role of OFDI in IFDI-based learning trajectory","display_name":"Out of passivity: potential role of OFDI in IFDI-based learning trajectory","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995667525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","mag":"1995667525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/dts031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89472","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082254377","display_name":"Kyung-Min Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-4815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-4815"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Min Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["*Kyung-Min Nam, Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room E19-429C, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. e-mail: kmnam@mit.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Kyung-Min Nam, Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room E19-429C, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. e-mail: kmnam@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100772163","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-8566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-8566","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9206-9650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xin Li, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-435, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","**Xin Li, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-435, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. e-mail: xinli@mit.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xin Li, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-435, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"**Xin Li, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-435, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. e-mail: xinli@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3260,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4299},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7082,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95666442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"711","last_page":"743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.05169999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outward-foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"outward foreign direct investment","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fdi-inflows","display_name":"FDI inflows","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-capability-building","display_name":"technological capability building","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-trajectories","display_name":"learning trajectories","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-capital","display_name":"intellectual capital","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hands-on-learning","display_name":"hands-on learning","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internationalization-strategy","display_name":"internationalization strategy","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"automotive industry","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.4135705828666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3754177391529083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33047372102737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3292960822582245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29430827498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2921407222747803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/dts031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:indcch:v:22:y:2013:i:3:p:711-743","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/icc/dts031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/89472","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nam","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/202163","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/89472","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nam","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74794663","https://openalex.org/W93647748","https://openalex.org/W140456784","https://openalex.org/W425620472","https://openalex.org/W580064456","https://openalex.org/W1248252231","https://openalex.org/W1455714664","https://openalex.org/W1490135749","https://openalex.org/W1497947628","https://openalex.org/W1507501762","https://openalex.org/W1510137183","https://openalex.org/W1510457923","https://openalex.org/W1518964539","https://openalex.org/W1546088820","https://openalex.org/W1566172004","https://openalex.org/W1572116268","https://openalex.org/W1576036061","https://openalex.org/W1596595931","https://openalex.org/W1600049677","https://openalex.org/W1676670733","https://openalex.org/W1865951046","https://openalex.org/W1966393791","https://openalex.org/W1974469183","https://openalex.org/W1984199748","https://openalex.org/W1986880664","https://openalex.org/W1995324223","https://openalex.org/W2004184602","https://openalex.org/W2005157766","https://openalex.org/W2007271675","https://openalex.org/W2012249510","https://openalex.org/W2017066600","https://openalex.org/W2037064901","https://openalex.org/W2039715402","https://openalex.org/W2049692616","https://openalex.org/W2054317878","https://openalex.org/W2057335196","https://openalex.org/W2060105431","https://openalex.org/W2060827592","https://openalex.org/W2061977616","https://openalex.org/W2069714801","https://openalex.org/W2071195041","https://openalex.org/W2073502678","https://openalex.org/W2084222794","https://openalex.org/W2089295019","https://openalex.org/W2103686707","https://openalex.org/W2104250619","https://openalex.org/W2106967602","https://openalex.org/W2106998098","https://openalex.org/W2113298434","https://openalex.org/W2131957821","https://openalex.org/W2134083539","https://openalex.org/W2144123907","https://openalex.org/W2158754620","https://openalex.org/W2160380001","https://openalex.org/W2165897089","https://openalex.org/W2166243753","https://openalex.org/W2171958017","https://openalex.org/W2488929583","https://openalex.org/W2498951688","https://openalex.org/W2588352910","https://openalex.org/W2618177763","https://openalex.org/W2720194830","https://openalex.org/W3023721815","https://openalex.org/W3121983323","https://openalex.org/W3123059741","https://openalex.org/W3123497818","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3125375096","https://openalex.org/W3146672660","https://openalex.org/W3209618610","https://openalex.org/W4231533979","https://openalex.org/W4253239325","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6634024652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171646263","https://openalex.org/W2368820753","https://openalex.org/W3081116382","https://openalex.org/W2891926027","https://openalex.org/W7151610553","https://openalex.org/W4367184250","https://openalex.org/W2560639955","https://openalex.org/W2161589992","https://openalex.org/W2340465387","https://openalex.org/W2186942330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"discusses":[2],"how":[3],"outward":[4,35,90],"foreign":[5],"direct":[6],"investment":[7],"(FDI)":[8],"can":[9,37,79,92],"complement":[10],"the":[11,21,57,97,103],"inward":[12,58,104],"FDI-based":[13],"technological":[14,33,75],"capability-building":[15],"process,":[16],"through":[17,56],"an":[18],"analysis":[19],"of":[20,66],"Shanghai":[22],"Automotive":[23],"Industry":[24],"Corporation":[25],"case.":[26],"When":[27],"a":[28,63,70],"firm":[29],"is":[30,69],"upgrading":[31],"its":[32],"capability,":[34,76],"FDI":[36,91],"allow":[38],"learners":[39],"to":[40,43,62],"have":[41],"access":[42],"human-embedded":[44],"skills":[45],"and":[46,48,77],"knowledge":[47],"other":[49],"intellectual":[50],"assets":[51],"that":[52],"are":[53],"hardly":[54],"accessible":[55],"globalization":[59,105],"strategy.":[60,106],"Access":[61],"wide":[64],"range":[65],"external":[67],"resources":[68],"critical":[71],"ingredient":[72],"for":[73],"improving":[74],"it":[78],"also":[80],"promote":[81],"self-learning":[82],"capability":[83],"by":[84,102],"encouraging":[85],"subsequent":[86],"learning-by-doing":[87],"practices.":[88],"Accordingly,":[89],"augment":[93],"\u201cactive\u201d":[94],"nature":[95],"in":[96],"\u201cpassive\u201d":[98],"learning":[99],"mode":[100],"created":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}