{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995623555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","title":"Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort.","display_name":"Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort.","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995623555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","mag":"1995623555","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1056027","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/432730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1995623555"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC432730","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111902297","display_name":"Michael F. Hirshfield","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M F Hirshfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112176050","display_name":"D. W. Tinkle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D W Tinkle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.4201,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":545,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9948733,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"6","first_page":"2227","last_page":"2231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-investment","display_name":"reproductive investment","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-balance","display_name":"energy balance","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-value","display_name":"reproductive value","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-mortality","display_name":"adult mortality","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-survival","display_name":"juvenile survival","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-variability","display_name":"environmental variability","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-availability","display_name":"resource availability","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-tables","display_name":"life tables","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-history-evolution","display_name":"life history evolution","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172400760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332796","display_name":"Survivorship curve","level":3,"score":0.8819307088851929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781058808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149023","display_name":"Reproductive value","level":4,"score":0.7763145565986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516282","display_name":"Juvenile","level":2,"score":0.7154903411865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117376503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751093","display_name":"Reproductive success","level":3,"score":0.6849789619445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6709275245666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5337169170379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4636043310165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.4633422791957855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137858568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239","display_name":"Organism","level":2,"score":0.44939664006233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.44216811656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.32394981384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.13607987761497498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10731169581413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.10261556506156921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004734","descriptor_name":"Energy Metabolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013045","descriptor_name":"Species Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:242262","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC432730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:1056027","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1056027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:432730","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC432730/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:242262","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC432730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990437463","https://openalex.org/W1991884599","https://openalex.org/W2004778468","https://openalex.org/W2018826201","https://openalex.org/W2020017907","https://openalex.org/W2025548818","https://openalex.org/W2040635757","https://openalex.org/W2047752581","https://openalex.org/W2058341483","https://openalex.org/W2093540607","https://openalex.org/W2093588915","https://openalex.org/W2095573794","https://openalex.org/W2098298104","https://openalex.org/W2323763369","https://openalex.org/W2797939563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979433210","https://openalex.org/W4416108907","https://openalex.org/W2063115440","https://openalex.org/W2093540607","https://openalex.org/W3207734062","https://openalex.org/W2012779244","https://openalex.org/W2025548818","https://openalex.org/W1995836329","https://openalex.org/W2333409065","https://openalex.org/W2015863062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reproductive":[0,21,40],"effort":[1,22,41,66,108,119],"is":[2,16,42,73,99],"defined":[3],"as":[4],"that":[5,15,38,93,170],"proportion":[6],"of":[7,12,64,96,118,133,157,186,188],"the":[8,94,97,131,183],"total":[9],"energy":[10,155],"budget":[11],"an":[13,55],"organism":[14],"devoted":[17],"to":[18,33,105,110,161,181],"reproductive":[19,35,65,107,138,189],"processes.":[20],"at":[23,37],"a":[24,28,89],"given":[25],"age":[26],"within":[27],"species":[29,123],"will":[30],"be":[31,162,177],"selected":[32],"maximize":[34],"value":[36],"age.":[39],"not":[43],"directly":[44],"affected":[45],"by":[46,54,101],"changes":[47],"in":[48,57,75,82,88,115,159,172,179],"juvenile":[49,79,86],"survivorship,":[50,80],"nor":[51],"necessarily":[52],"reduced":[53],"increase":[56],"adult":[58,71],"survivorship.":[59],"Selection":[60],"for":[61,85,143,164],"high":[62],"levels":[63,117,187],"should":[67],"occur":[68],"when":[69],"extrinsic":[70],"mortality":[72],"high,":[74],"environments":[76],"with":[77],"constant":[78],"and":[81,109,122,150],"good":[83],"years":[84],"survivorship":[87],"variable":[90],"environment,":[91],"provided":[92],"quality":[95],"year":[98],"predictable":[100],"adults.":[102],"Data":[103],"necessary":[104],"measure":[106],"understand":[111,182],"how":[112],"selection":[113],"results":[114],"different":[116],"between":[120],"individuals":[121],"are":[124,147],"discussed.":[125],"We":[126,167],"make":[127],"several":[128],"predictions":[129,146],"about":[130],"effect":[132],"increased":[134],"resource":[135],"availability":[136],"on":[137,154],"effort.":[139,190],"The":[140],"empirical":[141],"bases":[142,185],"testing":[144],"these":[145],"presently":[148],"inadequate,":[149],"we":[151],"consider":[152],"data":[153],"budgets":[156],"organisms":[158],"nature":[160],"essential":[163],"such":[165],"test.":[166],"also":[168],"conclude":[169],"variance":[171],"life":[173],"table":[174],"parameters":[175],"must":[176],"known":[178],"detail":[180],"selective":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}