{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995620369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","title":"A Theory of Defensive Skill-Biased Innovation and Globalization","display_name":"A Theory of Defensive Skill-Biased Innovation and Globalization","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995620369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","mag":"1995620369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/000282803322157052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113226257","display_name":"Mathias Thoenig","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Thoenig","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERAS, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France, CNRS and CEPR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERAS, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France, CNRS and CEPR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055236691","display_name":"Thierry Verdier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9701-7815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9701-7815"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thierry Verdier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delta, ENS, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France, and CEPR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delta, ENS, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France, and CEPR","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.1492,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":340,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99379004,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"93","issue":"3","first_page":"709","last_page":"728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.33570000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.10700000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-leapfrogging","display_name":"leapfrogging","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"imitation","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality","display_name":"wage inequality","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-south-comparison","display_name":"North-South comparison","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-technological-change","display_name":"endogenous technological change","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493754","display_name":"Leapfrogging","level":2,"score":0.9333447217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.8028411865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.778201699256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7735483050346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.716124415397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994086107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Wage inequality","level":3,"score":0.7066134810447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6800682544708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.554476797580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777098202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692324","display_name":"Technical change","level":3,"score":0.543207585811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4105372726917267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.21882730722427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.18715223670005798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.13824564218521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09061649441719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08348223567008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/000282803322157052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:93:y:2003:i:3:p:709-728","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/000282803322157052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:33477","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/33477/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7599999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206442640","https://openalex.org/W1479827809","https://openalex.org/W1503700565","https://openalex.org/W1517714994","https://openalex.org/W1539297896","https://openalex.org/W1550044003","https://openalex.org/W1565204550","https://openalex.org/W1567529168","https://openalex.org/W1603504818","https://openalex.org/W1969078113","https://openalex.org/W1975383176","https://openalex.org/W1984537425","https://openalex.org/W2032834557","https://openalex.org/W2040820398","https://openalex.org/W2056255013","https://openalex.org/W2071249181","https://openalex.org/W2078207597","https://openalex.org/W2081692440","https://openalex.org/W2085249577","https://openalex.org/W2101023836","https://openalex.org/W2106315213","https://openalex.org/W2107070957","https://openalex.org/W2114424269","https://openalex.org/W2135846106","https://openalex.org/W2146440686","https://openalex.org/W2169367855","https://openalex.org/W2764800144","https://openalex.org/W2800823460","https://openalex.org/W3025037082","https://openalex.org/W3121523838","https://openalex.org/W3121670946","https://openalex.org/W3121707495","https://openalex.org/W3122009441","https://openalex.org/W3122120998","https://openalex.org/W3123132576","https://openalex.org/W3123475178","https://openalex.org/W3124350987","https://openalex.org/W3124990081","https://openalex.org/W4235903336","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122237475","https://openalex.org/W7096434244","https://openalex.org/W7025303724","https://openalex.org/W3127145061","https://openalex.org/W1994298705","https://openalex.org/W2954486518","https://openalex.org/W7096933547","https://openalex.org/W7097812858","https://openalex.org/W2541885402","https://openalex.org/W2952238085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"a":[3,21],"dynamic":[4],"model":[5],"of":[6,16,35,51,62,81,84],"innovations":[7,53,65],"in":[8,20,69,72],"which":[9],"firms":[10,40],"can":[11],"endogenously":[12],"bias":[13],"the":[14,49,82],"direction":[15,50],"technological":[17,36],"change.":[18,88],"Both":[19],"North\u2013North":[22],"and":[23],"North\u2013South":[24],"context,":[25],"we":[26],"show":[27,58],"that,":[28],"when":[29],"globalization":[30],"triggers":[31],"an":[32,67],"increased":[33],"threat":[34,46],"leapfrogging":[37],"or":[38],"imitation,":[39],"tend":[41],"to":[42,44],"respond":[43],"that":[45,59],"by":[47],"biasing":[48],"their":[52],"towards":[54],"skilled-labor-intensive":[55],"technologies.":[56],"We":[57,75],"this":[60],"process":[61],"defensive":[63,85],"skill-biased":[64,86],"generates":[66],"increase":[68],"wage":[70],"inequalities":[71],"both":[73],"regions.":[74],"then":[76],"discuss":[77],"suggestive":[78],"empirical":[79],"evidence":[80],"existence":[83],"technical":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}