{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995519581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","title":"Cluster Analysis and the Classification of Depression","display_name":"Cluster Analysis and the Classification of Depression","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995519581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","mag":"1995519581","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7437660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127936299","display_name":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0007-1250","issn":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091277767","display_name":"Nancy C. Andreasen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy C. Andreasen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029183971","display_name":"William M. Grove","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William M. Grove","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","Psychology (Twin Cities)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology (Twin Cities)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083390031","display_name":"Ralph G. Maurer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Maurer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4920},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95253299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"137","issue":"3","first_page":"256","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.295199990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.050200000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-classification","display_name":"disease classification","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clustering","display_name":"clustering","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-subtypes","display_name":"depression subtypes","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-validity","display_name":"diagnostic validity","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-disorders","display_name":"anxiety disorders","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-disorders","display_name":"personality disorders","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-response","display_name":"treatment response","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognosis","display_name":"prognosis","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5919685959815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5786553621292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5669941902160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5018999576568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777308609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270673","display_name":"Personality disorders","level":3,"score":0.49366626143455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.4907301664352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.48232030868530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1375683","display_name":"Normality","level":2,"score":0.4312431216239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.35381972789764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.09181368350982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013029","descriptor_name":"Space-Time Clustering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.3.256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127936299","display_name":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0007-1250","issn":["0007-1250","1472-1465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7437660","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7437660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.766700029373169,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639609417","https://openalex.org/W1974702488","https://openalex.org/W1975429473","https://openalex.org/W1976661573","https://openalex.org/W1977699483","https://openalex.org/W1984501326","https://openalex.org/W1996973049","https://openalex.org/W1999241035","https://openalex.org/W2001814254","https://openalex.org/W2012416586","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2021058884","https://openalex.org/W2024940657","https://openalex.org/W2024959238","https://openalex.org/W2028764002","https://openalex.org/W2033031785","https://openalex.org/W2043385487","https://openalex.org/W2046449542","https://openalex.org/W2049165791","https://openalex.org/W2053794035","https://openalex.org/W2054569814","https://openalex.org/W2056699261","https://openalex.org/W2065551201","https://openalex.org/W2068311203","https://openalex.org/W2079985312","https://openalex.org/W2086023237","https://openalex.org/W2102583669","https://openalex.org/W2123560489","https://openalex.org/W2138904478","https://openalex.org/W2140289707","https://openalex.org/W2150508161","https://openalex.org/W2160756148","https://openalex.org/W2168468239","https://openalex.org/W4241888876","https://openalex.org/W4248594026","https://openalex.org/W4248859977","https://openalex.org/W4301355777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293216275","https://openalex.org/W2028764002","https://openalex.org/W2081101885","https://openalex.org/W3098628229","https://openalex.org/W1995757001","https://openalex.org/W2062807811","https://openalex.org/W2086023237","https://openalex.org/W2012905838","https://openalex.org/W50385543","https://openalex.org/W1996339597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"recent":[1],"years":[2],"there":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5,117],"considerable":[6],"controversy":[7],"concerning":[8],"the":[9,69],"classification":[10],"of":[11,28,34,107,113],"depressive":[12,19,72],"disorders.":[13],"Investigators":[14],"disagree":[15,67],"as":[16,101],"to":[17,45,102,124],"whether":[18],"disorders":[20,73],"are":[21,31],"a":[22,32,108,111],"single":[23],"phenomenon":[24],"with":[25,40],"varying":[26],"degrees":[27],"severity":[29],"or":[30,36,128],"group":[33],"two":[35],"more":[37],"discrete":[38],"illnesses":[39],"differing":[41],"courses,":[42],"prognoses,":[43],"responses":[44,123],"treatment,":[46,125],"familial":[47],"backgrounds,":[48],"aetiologies,":[49],"and":[50,58,62,74,80,89,92,126,134,141],"clinical":[51],"pictures":[52],"(Eysenck,":[53],"1970;":[54],"Kendell,":[55],"1976;":[56,60,87,136],"Foulds":[57],"Bedford,":[59],"Andreasen":[61],"Winokur,":[63],"1979).":[64],"They":[65],"also":[66],"about":[68],"boundaries":[70],"between":[71],"anxiety":[75],"disorders,":[76,79],"schizophrenia,":[77],"personality":[78],"normality":[81],"(Rothet":[82],"al,":[83,86,95,138],"1972;":[84],"Kayet":[85],"Kendell":[88],"Gourlay,":[90],"1970a":[91],"b;":[93],"Tsuanget":[94],"1976).":[96],"There":[97],"is":[98],"no":[99],"consensus":[100],"what":[103],"constitutes":[104],"adequate":[105],"validation":[106],"nosological":[109],"class;":[110],"variety":[112],"independent":[114],"validators":[115],"have":[116],"proposed,":[118],"including":[119],"genetic":[120],"factors,":[121],"outcome,":[122],"neurochemical":[127],"neurophysiological":[129],"markers":[130],"(Guze,":[131],"1978;":[132],"Blashfield":[133],"Draguns,":[135],"Kupferet":[137],"1975;":[139],"Reider":[140],"Gershon,":[142],"1978).":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}