{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995400726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","title":"The Neutral Point on a Likert Scale","display_name":"The Neutral Point on a Likert Scale","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995400726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","mag":"1995400726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49549746","display_name":"The Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3980","issn":["0022-3980","1940-1019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103386308","display_name":"Rebecca F. Guy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca F. Guy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memphis State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memphis State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022760125","display_name":"Melissa J. Norvell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Norvell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memphis State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memphis State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77434402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"2","first_page":"199","last_page":"204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-point","display_name":"neutral point","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likert-scale","display_name":"Likert scale","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-alternatives","display_name":"response alternatives","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-arrangement","display_name":"scale arrangement","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-score","display_name":"composite score","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-bias","display_name":"response bias","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.7687764167785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7377145290374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5922260880470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5521739721298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191988596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628374","display_name":"Null hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.5160133838653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96640997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163004","display_name":"Conservatism","level":3,"score":0.50569748878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.44463661313056946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3610553741455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.19930815696716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14290136098861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07423326373100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1977.9915880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49549746","display_name":"The Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3980","issn":["0022-3980","1940-1019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970133260","https://openalex.org/W2035707873","https://openalex.org/W2037077014","https://openalex.org/W2041273782","https://openalex.org/W2052256235","https://openalex.org/W2087838871","https://openalex.org/W2095516997","https://openalex.org/W2107696669","https://openalex.org/W2322584079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095304062","https://openalex.org/W4402894186","https://openalex.org/W4390726825","https://openalex.org/W2013261694","https://openalex.org/W2185521422","https://openalex.org/W2088608731","https://openalex.org/W2022247893","https://openalex.org/W2048739840","https://openalex.org/W2107696669","https://openalex.org/W4390778151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"was":[1,31],"hypothesized":[2],"that":[3],"the":[4,42,80,89,101,106,119,140],"exclusion":[5],"of":[6,24,41,64,108,130,142],"a":[7,19],"neutral":[8],"point":[9],"will":[10],"not":[11],"significantly":[12],"affect":[13],"an":[14],"individual's":[15],"composite":[16,67,74],"score":[17,68,75],"on":[18,69,76],"Likert-type":[20],"scale.":[21],"A":[22,50,62,71],"sample":[23,82],"200":[25],"undergraduates":[26],"at":[27],"Memphis":[28],"State":[29],"University":[30],"drawn":[32],"from":[33],"upper":[34],"division":[35],"sociology":[36],"courses.":[37],"Four":[38],"unique":[39],"arrangements":[40,104],"Comrey":[43],"and":[44,51,58,105,128,144],"Newmeyer":[45],"Radicalism-Conservatism":[46],"scale":[47,103,131],"(both":[48],"forms":[49],"B)":[52],"were":[53,96,116,123],"administered":[54],"randomly":[55],"with":[56,72],"four":[57],"five":[59],"response":[60,109,147],"alternatives.":[61,148],"comparison":[63],"each":[65],"S's":[66],"form":[70,77,127],"his":[73],"B":[78],"for":[79],"entire":[81],"showed":[83],"no":[84],"significant":[85,111],"difference,":[86],"thus":[87],"confirming":[88],"null":[90],"hypothesis.":[91],"However,":[92],"when":[93],"dependent":[94],"comparisons":[95,121],"made,":[97],"taking":[98],"into":[99],"consideration":[100],"different":[102],"number":[107],"alternatives,":[110],"differences":[112],"emerged.":[113],"These":[114,134],"findings":[115,136],"contradicted":[117],"by":[118,125],"independent":[120],"which":[122],"made":[124],"holding":[126],"position":[129],"administration":[132],"constant.":[133],"polarized":[135],"raise":[137],"questions":[138],"concerning":[139],"issue":[141],"awareness":[143],"sensitization":[145],"to":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}