{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995274875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","title":"An ultrafast quantum random number generator with provably bounded output bias based on photon arrival time measurements","display_name":"An ultrafast quantum random number generator with provably bounded output bias based on photon arrival time measurements","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995274875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","mag":"1995274875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3578456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088530451","display_name":"Michael Wahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-6820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-6820","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6873-6531","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6470-5056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104359","display_name":"PicoQuant (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8nnm19","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Wahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061222017","display_name":"Matthias Leifgen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Leifgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Berlin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Berlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080237668","display_name":"Tino R\u00f6hlicke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104359","display_name":"PicoQuant (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8nnm19","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tino R\u00f6hlicke","raw_affiliation_strings":["PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059861155","display_name":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen Rahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-8931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-8931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104359","display_name":"PicoQuant (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8nnm19","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen Rahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PicoQuant GmbH 1 , Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104359"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035889766","display_name":"Oliver J. Benson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4841-1231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4841-1231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Benson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 Nano-Optik, Institut f\u00fcr Physik, , 12489 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":199,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95061364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"17","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-random-number-generation","display_name":"quantum random number generation","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-bias","display_name":"output bias","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-removal","display_name":"bias removal","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-processing","display_name":"post-processing","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-logic","display_name":"field programmable logic","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-electronics","display_name":"timing electronics","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-distribution","display_name":"exponential distribution","score":0.7089999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6684534549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.639453113079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5760673880577087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.561216413974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844471","display_name":"Ultrashort pulse","level":3,"score":0.4919750392436981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017552255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Arrival time","level":2,"score":0.46541881561279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.44588130712509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.410926878452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.41088324785232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.41012027859687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33364251255989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26661229133605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23128288984298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20974159240722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10767737030982971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3578456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3578456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3316020558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1872530698","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W2008879141","https://openalex.org/W2026499360","https://openalex.org/W2102152646","https://openalex.org/W2139423682","https://openalex.org/W2145128977","https://openalex.org/W2145788847","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3140517496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069831590","https://openalex.org/W2032589650","https://openalex.org/W1492192708","https://openalex.org/W2121413804","https://openalex.org/W1507186311","https://openalex.org/W2139423682","https://openalex.org/W3146246620","https://openalex.org/W2145128977","https://openalex.org/W2519738307","https://openalex.org/W7063534260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"the":[2,27,41,46,50,62,67],"implementation":[3],"of":[4,30,49,66],"a":[5],"quantum":[6],"random":[7],"number":[8],"generator":[9,33],"based":[10,34],"on":[11,35],"photon":[12,36],"arrival":[13,37,51],"times.":[14,38],"Due":[15],"to":[16,25,45],"fast":[17],"and":[18],"high":[19],"resolution":[20],"timing":[21,68],"we":[22],"are":[23],"able":[24],"generate":[26],"highest":[28],"bitrate":[29],"any":[31],"current":[32],"Bias":[39],"in":[40,61],"raw":[42],"data":[43],"due":[44],"exponential":[47],"distribution":[48],"times":[52],"is":[53,58],"removed":[54],"by":[55],"postprocessing":[56],"which":[57],"directly":[59],"integrated":[60],"field":[63],"programmable":[64],"logic":[65],"electronics.":[69]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
