{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995274290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","title":"Public entrepreneur: the trajectory of United States science, technology and industrial policy","display_name":"Public entrepreneur: the trajectory of United States science, technology and industrial policy","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995274290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","mag":"1995274290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3152/147154399781782590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168539","display_name":"Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"0302-3427","issn":["0302-3427","1471-5430"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049472298","display_name":"Henry Etzkowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-8153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-8153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103497121","display_name":"Purchase College","ror":"https://ror.org/057trrr89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103497121"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Etzkowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Policy Institute, State University of New York at Purchase, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York 10577-1400 USA","Science Policy Institute, State University of New York at Purchase, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York 10577-1400 USA; E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Policy Institute, State University of New York at Purchase, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York 10577-1400 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103497121","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Policy Institute, State University of New York at Purchase, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, New York 10577-1400 USA; E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103497121","https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038974605","display_name":"Magnus Gulbrandsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-1608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-1608"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Gulbrandsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Institute for Studies In Higher Education, Hegdehaugsv. 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway","Norwegian Institute for Studies In Higher Education, Hegdehaugsv. 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway; E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Studies In Higher Education, Hegdehaugsv. 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Studies In Higher Education, Hegdehaugsv. 31, N-0352 Oslo, Norway; E-mail:","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4077,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4608},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82174797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.801800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.801800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.14749999344348907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.04309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-policy","display_name":"industrial policy","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-policy","display_name":"science policy","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-policy","display_name":"technology policy","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-entrepreneurship","display_name":"public entrepreneurship","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-government-academia-collaboration","display_name":"industry-government-academia collaboration","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-planning","display_name":"bottom-up planning","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.7825499773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6996082663536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5706725120544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.5683133602142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87980944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112","display_name":"Industrial policy","level":2,"score":0.5510750412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.49057430028915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.48954567313194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4882359802722931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662024","display_name":"Industrial district","level":2,"score":0.4444507956504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.42442482709884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32728224992752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2399626076221466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.21595826745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.20483213663101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.20436221361160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.18980541825294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3152/147154399781782590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168539","display_name":"Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"0302-3427","issn":["0302-3427","1471-5430"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:scippl:v:26:y:1999:i:1:p:53-62","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.3152/147154399781782590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79886109","https://openalex.org/W106608441","https://openalex.org/W611335525","https://openalex.org/W1495886451","https://openalex.org/W1521087868","https://openalex.org/W1535129021","https://openalex.org/W1540371363","https://openalex.org/W1611314062","https://openalex.org/W1824277134","https://openalex.org/W1985500788","https://openalex.org/W1993792440","https://openalex.org/W1999130476","https://openalex.org/W2000907974","https://openalex.org/W2009202666","https://openalex.org/W2028967264","https://openalex.org/W2032487481","https://openalex.org/W2040758677","https://openalex.org/W2042370510","https://openalex.org/W2053964169","https://openalex.org/W2058172897","https://openalex.org/W2127782496","https://openalex.org/W2253020182","https://openalex.org/W2317590407","https://openalex.org/W2319588415","https://openalex.org/W2332735496","https://openalex.org/W2730103042","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2795758843","https://openalex.org/W2802811649","https://openalex.org/W3023136887","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035320980","https://openalex.org/W1992004512","https://openalex.org/W16277577","https://openalex.org/W361355895","https://openalex.org/W4283218167","https://openalex.org/W2187496583","https://openalex.org/W2076978397","https://openalex.org/W615279969","https://openalex.org/W6996802700","https://openalex.org/W4242504890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Because":[0],"of":[1,21,90],"ideological":[2],"resistance,":[3],"the":[4,18],"USA":[5],"often":[6],"pursues":[7],"industrial":[8,32],"policy":[9,33],"by":[10],"indirect":[11,29],"means.":[12],"There":[13],"are":[14],"continuing":[15],"conflicts":[16],"over":[17],"appropriate":[19],"role":[20],"government,":[22,61],"industry":[23,62],"and":[24,30,63,74,82],"academia":[25,64],"in":[26,59,95],"innovation:":[27],"an":[28],"decentralized":[31],"may":[34],"be":[35],"more":[36],"effective":[37],"than":[38],"traditional":[39],"direct":[40],"approaches,":[41],"since":[42],"it":[43],"is":[44,57],"better":[45],"able":[46],"to":[47,69],"take":[48],"regional":[49],"differences":[50],"into":[51],"account.":[52],"A":[53,84],"new":[54,72,79],"institutional":[55,92],"configuration":[56],"emerging":[58],"which":[60],"together":[65,94],"target":[66],"technical":[67],"problems":[68],"open":[70],"up":[71],"technological":[73],"economic":[75],"vistas,":[76],"eventually":[77],"creating":[78],"companies,":[80],"industries":[81],"jobs.":[83],"common":[85],"collaboration":[86],"format":[87],"brings":[88],"representatives":[89],"different":[91],"spheres":[93],"a":[96],"bottom-up":[97],"planning":[98],"process.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
