{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995225866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","title":"A Multi-Country Non-Inferiority Cluster Randomized Trial of Frontloaded Smear Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis","display_name":"A Multi-Country Non-Inferiority Cluster Randomized Trial of Frontloaded Smear Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995225866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","mag":"1995225866","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21765808","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3134460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197939330","display_name":"PLoS Medicine","issn_l":"1549-1277","issn":["1549-1277","1549-1676"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085400249","display_name":"Lu\u00eds E. Cuevas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-0587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-0587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107145371","display_name":"United Nations Development Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/051777d98","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I2801247003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112289208","display_name":"United Nations Children's Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02dg0pv02","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738219","display_name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/046j7pv84","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I2801247003","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["CH","GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Eduardo Cuevas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. lcuevas@liv.ac.uk","Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. lcuevas@liv.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089489593","display_name":"Mohammed Ahmed Yassin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9766-2072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9766-2072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ahmed Yassin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038556822","display_name":"Najla Al\u2010Sonboli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170535673","display_name":"Sana'a University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hcvaf32","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]}],"countries":["YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Najla Al-Sonboli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Faculty, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Faculty, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018130982","display_name":"Lovett Lawson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-7537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-7537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121575","display_name":"Zankli Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02msz7b29","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lovett Lawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086661621","display_name":"Isabel Arbide","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Arbide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bushullo Major Health Centre, Awassa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bushullo Major Health Centre, Awassa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112059139","display_name":"Nasher Al\u2010Aghbari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasher Al-Aghbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Institute, Sana'a, Yemen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Institute, Sana'a, Yemen","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113166195","display_name":"Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260107","display_name":"Institute of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/038ymyw44","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405260107"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405260107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084094324","display_name":"Amin Al-Absi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Al-Absi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Institute, Sana'a, Yemen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Institute, Sana'a, Yemen","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034585430","display_name":"Emmanuel Nnamdi Emenyonu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121575","display_name":"Zankli Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02msz7b29","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Nnamdi Emenyonu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042585924","display_name":"Yared Merid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-4119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-4119"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yared Merid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074933288","display_name":"Mosis Ifenyi Okobi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mosis Ifenyi Okobi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuse General Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuse General Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075726401","display_name":"Juliana Olubunmi Onuoha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121575","display_name":"Zankli Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02msz7b29","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Olubunmi Onuoha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zankli Medical Center, Abuja, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070050632","display_name":"Melkamsew Aschalew","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melkamsew Aschalew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074953709","display_name":"Abraham Aseffa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-1150","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-1150"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159743","display_name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05mfff588","country_code":"ET","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Aseffa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Greg Harper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Harper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080954653","display_name":"Rachel Anderson de Cuevas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-5332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-5332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Mary Anderson de Cuevas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009745059","display_name":"Kristin Kremer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1729-5463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1729-5463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104433","display_name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/01cesdt21","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104433"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristin Kremer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025754154","display_name":"Dick van Soolingen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-6161","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-6161"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104433","display_name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/01cesdt21","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104433"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dick van Soolingen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110158678","display_name":"Carl\u2010Michael Nathanson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107145371","display_name":"United Nations Development Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/051777d98","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I2801247003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112289208","display_name":"United Nations Children's Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02dg0pv02","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738219","display_name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/046j7pv84","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I2801247003","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl-Michael Nathanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jean Joly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107145371","display_name":"United Nations Development Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/051777d98","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I2801247003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112289208","display_name":"United Nations Children's Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02dg0pv02","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738219","display_name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/046j7pv84","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I2801247003","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Joly","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111997742","display_name":"Brian E. Faragher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Faragher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023828847","display_name":"S. Bertel Squire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7173-9038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7173-9038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Bertel Squire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057383705","display_name":"Andrew Ramsay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1451-8973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1451-8973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107145371","display_name":"United Nations Development Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/051777d98","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I2801247003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112289208","display_name":"United Nations Children's Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02dg0pv02","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738219","display_name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/046j7pv84","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I2801247003","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Ramsay","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":8,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085400249"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107145371","https://openalex.org/I112289208","https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I194839184","https://openalex.org/I4210105654","https://openalex.org/I4392738219"],"apc_list":{"value":6460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6460},"apc_paid":{"value":6460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6460},"fwci":7.7677,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98058884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"7","first_page":"e1000443","last_page":"e1000443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"pulmonary tuberculosis","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sputum-smear-microscopy","display_name":"sputum smear microscopy","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-inferiority","display_name":"non-inferiority","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-screening","display_name":"tuberculosis screening","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specimen-collection","display_name":"sample collection","score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culture-confirmed-tuberculosis","display_name":"culture-confirmed tuberculosis","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nepal","display_name":"Nepal","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yemen","display_name":"Yemen","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-settings","display_name":"low-income settings","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-negative-pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"smear-negative tuberculosis","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-positive-pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"smear-positive tuberculosis","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-negative-smear-positive-conversion","display_name":"smear-negative smear-positive conversion","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259346","display_name":"Sputum","level":3,"score":0.8190140724182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.811958372592926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19720800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7722","display_name":"Morning","level":2,"score":0.6216943264007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5438346266746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.49752548336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.44915571808815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3649897575378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10030025243759155}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003371","descriptor_name":"Cough","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008853","descriptor_name":"Microscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010349","descriptor_name":"Patient Compliance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013183","descriptor_name":"Sputum","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057194","descriptor_name":"Intention to Treat Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":13,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197939330","display_name":"PLoS Medicine","issn_l":"1549-1277","issn":["1549-1277","1549-1676"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3134460","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3134460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:21765808","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21765808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.lstmed.ac.uk:3067","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/3067/1/Plos_Medicine_8_7_e1000443.pdf","pdf_url":"https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/3067/1/Plos_Medicine_8_7_e1000443.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400185","display_name":"LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","host_organization_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.348.9024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.348.9024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/e1/86/PLoS_Med_2011_Jul_12_8(7)_e1000443.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.989.8810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.989.8810","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/96579/96579.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fcd0c088028a40928ef06bee045e9b1c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fcd0c088028a40928ef06bee045e9b1c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 7, p e1000443 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/135264","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_Multi_Country_Non_Inferiority_Cluster_Randomized_Trial_of_Frontloaded_Smear_Microscopy_for_the_Diagnosis_of_Pulmonary_Tuberculosis/135264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/96579","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/96579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rivm.openrepository.com:10029/644957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://rivm.openrepository.com/handle/10029/644957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401681","display_name":"Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210104433","host_organization_name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104433"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/96579","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/96579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Plos Medicine, 8, e1000443 - e1000443","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/53pdr-wee88","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/53pdr-wee88","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/53pdr-wee88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/rrcdc-ame74","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/rrcdc-ame74","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/rrcdc-ame74","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000443&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197939330","display_name":"PLoS Medicine","issn_l":"1549-1277","issn":["1549-1277","1549-1676"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7799999713897705}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307856","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309209","display_name":"UNICEF","ror":"https://ror.org/02dg0pv02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1995225866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1995225866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54227997","https://openalex.org/W126951196","https://openalex.org/W144177675","https://openalex.org/W203765845","https://openalex.org/W206109427","https://openalex.org/W602738316","https://openalex.org/W1278640784","https://openalex.org/W1487443875","https://openalex.org/W1515031497","https://openalex.org/W1578998113","https://openalex.org/W1751388959","https://openalex.org/W1839799431","https://openalex.org/W1969456611","https://openalex.org/W1976442696","https://openalex.org/W1996151896","https://openalex.org/W2041604784","https://openalex.org/W2055434618","https://openalex.org/W2079046645","https://openalex.org/W2086342179","https://openalex.org/W2097637936","https://openalex.org/W2098091079","https://openalex.org/W2105637323","https://openalex.org/W2113844178","https://openalex.org/W2133774960","https://openalex.org/W2147034855","https://openalex.org/W2154326381","https://openalex.org/W2429041537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2334857834","https://openalex.org/W2044397839","https://openalex.org/W2893189323","https://openalex.org/W1996151896","https://openalex.org/W2993242359","https://openalex.org/W7096592361","https://openalex.org/W2969511033","https://openalex.org/W2241957587","https://openalex.org/W2079323448","https://openalex.org/W2614870244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"More":[1],"than":[2,215],"50":[3],"million":[4],"people":[5],"around":[6],"the":[7,48,56,59,67,73,93,131,141,153,182,186,203,211,219,263,278,281],"world":[8],"are":[9,242],"investigated":[10],"for":[11,280],"tuberculosis":[12],"using":[13,202],"sputum":[14,52,64],"smear":[15],"microscopy":[16],"annually.":[17],"This":[18,31],"process":[19],"requires":[20],"repeated":[21],"visits":[22],"and":[23,45,84,101,115,228,238],"patients":[24,106,216,253,261],"often":[25],"drop":[26],"out.":[27],"METHODS":[28],"AND":[29],"FINDINGS:":[30],"clinical":[32],"trial":[33],"of":[34,50,97,121,133,143,155,164,240,246,252,266],"adults":[35],"with":[36,218,248],"cough":[37],"\u22652":[38],"wk":[39],"duration":[40],"(in":[41],"Ethiopia,":[42],"Nepal,":[43],"Nigeria,":[44],"Yemen)":[46],"compared":[47,91],"sensitivity/specificity":[49],"two":[51,95,213],"samples":[53],"collected":[54,66],"\"on":[55],"spot\"":[57],"during":[58],"first":[60,94,212,264],"visit":[61],"plus":[62],"one":[63],"sample":[65],"following":[68],"morning":[69],"(spot-spot-morning":[70],"[SSM])":[71],"versus":[72,223],"standard":[74],"spot-morning-spot":[75],"(SMS)":[76],"scheme.":[77],"Analyses":[78],"were":[79,110,117,206],"per":[80],"protocol":[81],"analysis":[82,230],"(PPA)":[83],"intention":[85],"to":[86,130,152,174,198,209,244],"treat":[87],"(ITT).":[88],"A":[89],"sub-analysis":[90],"just":[92],"smears":[96],"each":[98],"scheme,":[99],"spot-spot":[100,165],"spot-morning.":[102],"In":[103],"total,":[104],"6,627":[105],"(3,052":[107],"SSM/3,575":[108],"SMS)":[109],"enrolled;":[111],"6,466":[112],"had":[113],"culture":[114],"1,526":[116],"culture-positive.":[118],"The":[119,162,226,236,256],"sensitivity":[120,132,163,237],"SSM":[122,144,204,241],"(ITT,":[123,145,157,166,176],"70.2%,":[124],"95%":[125,137,147,159,168,178,195],"CI":[126,138,148,160,169,179,196],"66.5%-73.9%)":[127],"was":[128,150,171,184],"non-inferior":[129,151,173,243],"SMS":[134,156,220],"(PPA,":[135],"65.9%,":[136],"62.3%-69.5%).":[139],"Similarly,":[140],"specificity":[142,154,239],"96.9%,":[146],"93.2%-99.9%)":[149],"97.6%,":[158],"94.0%-99.9%).":[161],"63.6%,":[167],"59.7%-67.5%)":[170],"also":[172],"spot-morning":[175],"64.8%,":[177],"61.3%-68.3%),":[180],"as":[181],"difference":[183],"within":[185],"selected":[187],"-5%":[188],"non-inferiority":[189],"limit":[190],"(difference":[191],"ITT":[192,229],"=":[193],"1.4%,":[194],"-3.7%":[197],"6.6%).":[199],"Patients":[200],"screened":[201,217],"scheme":[205,221,257],"more":[207],"likely":[208],"provide":[210],"specimens":[214],"(98%":[222],"94.2%,":[224],"p<0.01).":[225],"PPA":[227],"resulted":[231],"in":[232,277],"similar":[233],"results.":[234],"CONCLUSIONS:":[235],"those":[245],"SMS,":[247],"a":[249],"higher":[250],"proportion":[251],"submitting":[254],"specimens.":[255],"identifies":[258],"most":[259],"smear-positive":[260],"on":[262],"day":[265],"consultation.":[267],"TRIAL":[268],"REGISTRATION:":[269],"Current":[270],"Controlled":[271],"Trials":[272],"ISRCTN53339491.":[273],"Please":[274],"see":[275],"later":[276],"article":[279],"Editors'":[282],"Summary.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
