{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995177563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","title":"The politics of preventable deaths: local spending, income inequality, and premature mortality in US cities","display_name":"The politics of preventable deaths: local spending, income inequality, and premature mortality in US cities","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995177563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","mag":"1995177563","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14966226","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1732695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2003.008672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/58/3/175.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/58/3/175.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073942374","display_name":"Cynthia R. Ronzio","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336742384","display_name":"Children's National","ror":"https://ror.org/03wa2q724","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C R Ronzio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University Research Center VI, Washington, DC 20010, USA. cronzio@cnmc.org","Children's National Medical Center (The George Washington University), Research Center VI (Room 6103), 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University Research Center VI, Washington, DC 20010, USA. cronzio@cnmc.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384","https://openalex.org/I193531525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children's National Medical Center (The George Washington University), Research Center VI (Room 6103), 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384","https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110398644","display_name":"Elsie R. Pamuk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330589705","display_name":"National Center for Health Statistics","ror":"https://ror.org/03p15s250","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1330589705"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Pamuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1330589705"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103439644","display_name":"Gregory D. Squires","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G D Squires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, The George Washington University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, The George Washington University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073942374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336742384","https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92210405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"3","first_page":"175","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premature-mortality","display_name":"premature mortality","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventable-mortality","display_name":"preventable deaths","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-government-expenditure","display_name":"local government spending","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-policy","display_name":"urban policy","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-funding","display_name":"law enforcement funding","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-cities","display_name":"American cities","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.665849506855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6312336325645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.6058657765388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.575711727142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5420814752578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4967270493507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4773678481578827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42223289608955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.35410451889038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.21730977296829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08337923884391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002423","descriptor_name":"Cause of Death","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005102","descriptor_name":"Health Expenditures","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006078","descriptor_name":"Government Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006305","descriptor_name":"Health Status Indicators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007182","descriptor_name":"Income","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007182","descriptor_name":"Income","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009111","descriptor_name":"Local Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014504","descriptor_name":"Urban Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2003.008672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/58/3/175.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1732695","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1732695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Epidemiol Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:14966226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14966226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of epidemiology and community health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2003.008672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.008672","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/58/3/175.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.800000011920929}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8552996372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCCS 900 18A 81 0711","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","funder_display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332175","display_name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1995177563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1995177563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575950023","https://openalex.org/W586143748","https://openalex.org/W1967817453","https://openalex.org/W1968632832","https://openalex.org/W1969582776","https://openalex.org/W1974329362","https://openalex.org/W1980336765","https://openalex.org/W1985703342","https://openalex.org/W2001939523","https://openalex.org/W2012616829","https://openalex.org/W2012985419","https://openalex.org/W2021119794","https://openalex.org/W2021891719","https://openalex.org/W2026182357","https://openalex.org/W2035509428","https://openalex.org/W2052991674","https://openalex.org/W2053267067","https://openalex.org/W2064578698","https://openalex.org/W2065596440","https://openalex.org/W2066924533","https://openalex.org/W2068692230","https://openalex.org/W2073716984","https://openalex.org/W2084024359","https://openalex.org/W2090241969","https://openalex.org/W2097112286","https://openalex.org/W2109408855","https://openalex.org/W2116369912","https://openalex.org/W2118202495","https://openalex.org/W2149003818","https://openalex.org/W2162223149","https://openalex.org/W2317982802","https://openalex.org/W2396531546","https://openalex.org/W2481867394","https://openalex.org/W2613414253","https://openalex.org/W2797597138","https://openalex.org/W2798300725","https://openalex.org/W4229797755","https://openalex.org/W4230798716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097327116","https://openalex.org/W2013534690","https://openalex.org/W2172922543","https://openalex.org/W2327858266","https://openalex.org/W2027606621","https://openalex.org/W2112089506","https://openalex.org/W2055060073","https://openalex.org/W2791884234","https://openalex.org/W2149003818","https://openalex.org/W1991519004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"examine":[2],"the":[3,69,84,97,106,164],"association":[4],"between":[5],"(1)":[6],"local":[7,17,157],"political":[8],"party,":[9],"(2)":[10],"urban":[11],"policies,":[12],"measured":[13],"by":[14],"spending":[15,137,175],"on":[16,117,138,159,176],"programmes,":[18],"and":[19,41,61,96,146],"(3)":[20],"income":[21,144],"inequality":[22,82,145],"with":[23,71,90,111,121,128,135,142],"premature":[24],"mortality":[25,155,180],"in":[26,68,105,133],"large":[27],"US":[28,70],"cities.":[29],"DESIGN:":[30],"Cross":[31],"sectional":[32],"ecological":[33],"study.":[34],"OUTCOME":[35],"MEASURES:":[36,56],"All":[37,65],"cause":[38],"death":[39,42,94,114,125,131],"rates":[40,43,126,132],"attributable":[44],"to":[45,74,152,171],"preventable":[46,91,124],"or":[47,75,92],"immediate":[48,93],"causes":[49],"for":[50],"people":[51],"under":[52],"age":[53],"75.":[54],"PREDICTOR":[55],"Income":[57,81],"inequality,":[58],"city":[59,174],"spending,":[60],"social":[62,87,177],"factors.":[63],"SETTING:":[64],"central":[66],"cities":[67,134],"population":[72],"equal":[73],"greater":[76],"than":[77],"100":[78],"000.":[79],"RESULTS:":[80],"is":[83,99,109,119],"most":[85],"significant":[86],"variable":[88],"associated":[89,110,120],"rates,":[95],"relation":[98],"very":[100],"strong:":[101],"a":[102],"unit":[103],"increase":[104],"Gini":[107],"coefficient":[108],"37%":[112],"higher":[113,123],"rates.":[115],"Spending":[116],"police":[118],"23%":[122],"compared":[127],"14%":[129],"lower":[130],"high":[136,143],"roads.":[139],"CONCLUSIONS:":[140],"Cities":[141],"poverty":[147],"are":[148,169],"so":[149],"far":[150],"unable":[151],"reduce":[153],"their":[154],"through":[156],"expenditures":[158],"public":[160],"goods,":[161],"regardless":[162],"of":[163],"mayoral":[165],"party.":[166],"Longitudinal":[167],"data":[168],"necessary":[170],"determine":[172],"if":[173],"programmes":[178],"reduces":[179],"over":[181],"time.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
