{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995020140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","title":"Risk Factors for Development of Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy in Jewish IDDM Patients","display_name":"Risk Factors for Development of Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy in Jewish IDDM Patients","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995020140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","mag":"1995020140","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/diab.40.2.204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016655888","display_name":"Ofra Kalter\u2010Leibovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-7333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-7333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ofra Kalter-Leibovici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049899015","display_name":"David Jonathan van Dijk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J Van Dyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035946224","display_name":"Leonard Leibovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-344X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-344X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard Leibovici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018742966","display_name":"Nissim Loya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nissim Loya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111462776","display_name":"Arie Erman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arie Erman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110051878","display_name":"Israel Kremer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Israel Kremer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037629350","display_name":"Geoffrey Boner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Boner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110125008","display_name":"Joseph B. Rosenfeld","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph B Rosenfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112156882","display_name":"Moshe Karp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moshe Karp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090768607","display_name":"Zvi Laron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-5758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-5758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zvi Laron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth), the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine B, Department of Ophthalmology, Beilinson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University\u2008Petah Tikva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88483829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"204","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10408","display_name":"Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10408","display_name":"Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.11020000278949738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-nephropathy","display_name":"diabetic nephropathy","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microvascular-complications","display_name":"microvascular complications","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnicity","display_name":"ethnicity","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-ashkenazi-jews","display_name":"non-Ashkenazi Jews","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ashkenazi-jews","display_name":"Ashkenazi Jews","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albuminuria","display_name":"albuminuria","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroalbuminuria","display_name":"macroalbuminuria","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microalbuminuria","display_name":"microalbuminuria","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proliferative-retinopathy","display_name":"proliferative retinopathy","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.6779999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8819957971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7800273895263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781203188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1676817","display_name":"Microalbuminuria","level":3,"score":0.7753291130065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6664921045303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Nephropathy","level":3,"score":0.6525264382362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6407594680786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5656000971794128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779922275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105","display_name":"Diabetic nephropathy","level":3,"score":0.4799956977367401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4221137762069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4138423800468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.3664382994174957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3466663360595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.28770214319229126}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000419","descriptor_name":"Albuminuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000419","descriptor_name":"Albuminuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000419","descriptor_name":"Albuminuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003929","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Neuropathies","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003929","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Neuropathies","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003929","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Neuropathies","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006442","descriptor_name":"Glycated Hemoglobin","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007585","descriptor_name":"Jews","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011507","descriptor_name":"Proteinuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011507","descriptor_name":"Proteinuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011507","descriptor_name":"Proteinuria","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2337/diab.40.2.204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.2.204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2337/diabetes.40.2.204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.40.2.204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.40.2.204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1991571","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984628781","https://openalex.org/W52422179","https://openalex.org/W2065208422","https://openalex.org/W2111269249","https://openalex.org/W4245146088","https://openalex.org/W2014954269","https://openalex.org/W4205465422","https://openalex.org/W2082158247","https://openalex.org/W2426423538","https://openalex.org/W2078414957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Risk":[0],"factors":[1],"associated":[2,150],"with":[3,7,25,151],"diabetic":[4,152,174],"microvascular":[5,304],"complications,":[6,305],"special":[8,320],"reference":[9],"to":[10,173,211,229,243,255,302],"ethnic":[11],"origin,":[12,178],"were":[13,60,65,112,146,176,224],"looked":[14],"for":[15],"in":[16,74,87,117,121,132,196,232,252,258,270,279,287],"231":[17],"young":[18],"Jewish":[19,295],"insulin-dependent":[20],"diabetes":[21,28,36],"mellitus":[22],"(IDDM)":[23],"patients":[24,59,209,223,238,297],"duration":[26,45,190,219,311],"of":[27,35,46,57,79,102,123,136,163,166,187,191,199,220,262,283,307,312,332],"\u226510":[29],"yr.":[30],"Median":[31],"age":[32],"at":[33,225,299],"diagnosis":[34,101],"was":[37,49,69,85,96,108,115,130,248],"9.2":[38],"yr":[39,51,78,165,186],"(range":[40,52],"0.04\u201326.2":[41],"yr),":[42],"and":[43,63,81,93,104,119,127,134,148,155,170,189,218,274,314,319],"median":[44,215],"the":[47,58,75,124,137,160,183,253,259,271,280,288],"disease":[48],"15.3":[50],"10.0\u201337.2":[53],"yr).":[54],"Sixty-three":[55],"percent":[56],"Ashkenazi":[61,204],"Jews,":[62,205],"37%":[64],"non-Ashkenazi":[66,177,194,294],"Jews.":[67],"HbA1":[68,157,180,216,245,263],"evaluated":[70],"every":[71,98],"3":[72],"mo":[73],"last":[76,184],"10":[77,164,185],"follow-up,":[80,188],"albumin":[82],"excretion":[83],"rate":[84],"tested":[86],"three":[88],"24-h":[89],"urine":[90],"collections.":[91],"Direct":[92],"indirect":[94],"ophthalmoscopy":[95],"performed":[97],"year":[99],"since":[100],"diabetes,":[103,313],"if":[105],"retinal":[106],"pathology":[107],"suspected,":[109],"color":[110],"photographs":[111],"taken.":[113],"Microalbuminuria":[114],"detected":[116],"31%":[118],"macroalbuminuria":[120,257],"7%":[122],"patients.":[125,333],"Nonproliferative":[126],"proliferative":[128,275],"retinopathy":[129,175,276],"found":[131],"44":[133],"12%":[135],"patients,":[138],"respectively.":[139],"On":[140],"logistic":[141],"regression":[142],"analysis,":[143],"two":[144],"variables":[145],"significantly":[147,169],"independently":[149,171],"nephropathy\u2014non-Ashkenazi":[153],"origin":[154],"mean":[156,179,244],"values":[158,181],"over":[159,182],"first":[161],"5":[162],"follow-up.":[167],"Variables":[168],"related":[172],"diabetes.":[192,221],"Because":[193],"Jews":[195],"Israel":[197],"are":[198,298],"lower":[200],"socioeconomic":[201,213,315],"status":[202],"than":[203],"we":[206],"stratified":[207,237],"our":[208],"according":[210,242],"their":[212,308],"parameters,":[214],"values,":[217],"Non-Ashkenazi":[222],"a":[226,249],"higher":[227],"risk":[228,254,301],"develop":[230,256,303],"complications":[231],"all":[233],"strata.":[234],"We":[235,291],"further":[236],"into":[239],"four":[240],"quartiles":[241],"values;":[246],"there":[247],"steep":[250],"increase":[251],"4th":[260,281],"quartile":[261,282],"(odds":[264],"ratio":[265],"[OR]":[266],"4.3":[267],"vs.":[268,285],"1.2":[269],"3rd":[272,289],"quartile)":[273],"(OR":[277],"13.0":[278],"HbA,":[284],"2.8":[286],"quartile).":[290],"conclude":[292],"that":[293],"IDDM":[296],"significant":[300],"independent":[306],"glycemic":[309,324],"control,":[310],"status.":[316],"Careful":[317],"follow-up":[318],"efforts":[321],"toward":[322],"improving":[323],"control":[325],"should":[326],"be":[327],"focused":[328],"on":[329],"high-risk":[330],"subgroups":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
