{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995003985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","title":"Technology Lecture. Land restoration: now and in the future","display_name":"Technology Lecture. Land restoration: now and in the future","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995003985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","mag":"1995003985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3006207977","display_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0080-4649","issn":["0080-4649","0962-8452","1471-2954","2053-9193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110239860","display_name":"Anthony David Bradshaw","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony David Bradshaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Botany, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U. K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Botany, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U. K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110239860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2799647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"223","issue":"1230","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13021","display_name":"Geology and Environmental Impact Studies","score":0.7422000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13021","display_name":"Geology and Environmental Impact Studies","score":0.7422000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.04610000178217888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14372","display_name":"Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones","score":0.03689999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-restoration","display_name":"land restoration","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/derelict-land","display_name":"derelict land","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degraded-land","display_name":"degraded land","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-engineering","display_name":"ecological engineering","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landscape-manipulation","display_name":"landscape manipulation","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-pollution","display_name":"industrial pollution","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-transfer","display_name":"technology transfer","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restoration-techniques","display_name":"restoration techniques","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-planning","display_name":"land use planning","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867393","display_name":"Amenity","level":2,"score":0.7799979448318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5843177437782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5127187967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46177613735198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.44836941361427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34811127185821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34310612082481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25978419184684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22336846590042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.18746989965438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.1713976263999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15750691294670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3006207977","display_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0080-4649","issn":["0080-4649","0962-8452","1471-2954","2053-9193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":1.0,"display_name":"Life on land"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1701798783","https://openalex.org/W1965255494","https://openalex.org/W1977630052","https://openalex.org/W1978902790","https://openalex.org/W2019717537","https://openalex.org/W2030361613","https://openalex.org/W2058611304","https://openalex.org/W2059118512","https://openalex.org/W2073349787","https://openalex.org/W2095460288","https://openalex.org/W2314428800","https://openalex.org/W2316756641","https://openalex.org/W2319950370","https://openalex.org/W2334157680","https://openalex.org/W2729376221","https://openalex.org/W2798945200","https://openalex.org/W2970875066","https://openalex.org/W2993955868","https://openalex.org/W3211284775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2557404432","https://openalex.org/W1561200967","https://openalex.org/W2026390467","https://openalex.org/W2366980715","https://openalex.org/W2152484856","https://openalex.org/W4237389212","https://openalex.org/W7214974437","https://openalex.org/W2018035856","https://openalex.org/W2763604858","https://openalex.org/W1166107273"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Derelict":[1,103],"and":[2,9,46,73,108,126,140,147,183,199],"degraded":[3],"land":[4,15,104],"destroys":[5],"amenity,":[6],"causes":[7],"pollution":[8],"is":[10,25,105,118,122,207],"a":[11,106],"waste":[12],"of":[13,40,66,113,137,160,163,177,222],"productive":[14],"surface.":[16],"Despite":[17],"the":[18,37,78,89,91,129,135,143,149,178,188],"worldwide":[19],"activity":[20],"to":[21,70,84,191,220],"restore":[22],"it":[23],"there":[24,157],"an":[26],"enormous":[27],"backlog,":[28],"which":[29],"in":[30,120,148,181],"England":[31],"has":[32,68,93],"increased":[33],"since":[34],"1974.":[35],"In":[36],"past":[38],"much":[39],"this":[41,187],"restoration":[42,75,144],"was":[43],"empirically":[44],"based":[45],"not":[47,153,194,202,214],"always":[48,203],"successful.":[49],"But":[50],"natural":[51,60],"ecosystems":[52],"develop":[53],"unaided":[54],"on":[55],"raw":[56],"starting":[57],"materials":[58],"by":[59],"ecological":[61,217],"processes.":[62],"A":[63],"proper":[64],"understanding":[65],"these":[67],"led":[69],"more":[71,172],"reliable":[72],"inexpensive":[74],"techniques.":[76],"At":[77],"same":[79],"time":[80],"we":[81,173],"have":[82],"come":[83],"realize":[85],"that,":[86],"because,":[87],"at":[88],"start,":[90],"slate":[92],"been":[94],"wiped":[95],"clean,":[96],"many":[97],"different":[98],"end":[99],"points":[100],"are":[101,152,158],"possible.":[102],"challenge":[107],"opportunity":[109],"for":[110,201,213],"creative":[111],"manipulation":[112],"our":[114],"landscape.":[115],"Yet":[116,156],"what":[117,164],"achieved":[119],"practice":[121],"often":[123],"pedestrian,":[124],"unscientific":[125],"uneconomic.":[127],"Often":[128],"simple":[130],"treatments":[131],"that":[132,170],"would":[133,141],"minimize":[134],"impact":[136],"industrial":[138],"activity,":[139],"set":[142],"off":[145],"early":[146],"right":[150],"direction,":[151],"carried":[154],"out.":[155],"plenty":[159],"good":[161],"examples":[162],"can":[165],"be":[166,175],"done.":[167],"It":[168],"appears":[169],"once":[171],"may":[174],"victims":[176],"British":[179],"failure":[180],"technology":[182],"imagination":[184],"transfer.":[185],"For":[186],"fault":[189],"seems":[190],"lie":[192],"broadly,":[193],"only":[195],"with":[196,211],"planners,":[197],"industrialists":[198],"government,":[200],"making":[204],"sure":[205],"something":[206],"done,":[208],"but":[209],"also":[210],"scientists,":[212],"applying":[215],"their":[216],"knowledge":[218],"sufficiently":[219],"problems":[221],"hard":[223],"practice.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}