{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994650904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","title":"Nondiscretionary concealed weapons laws: a case study of statistics, standards of proof, and public policy","display_name":"Nondiscretionary concealed weapons laws: a case study of statistics, standards of proof, and public policy","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994650904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","mag":"1994650904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aler/1.1.436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53993439","display_name":"American Law and Economics Review","issn_l":"1465-7252","issn":["1465-7252","1465-7260"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Law and Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072777153","display_name":"Ian Ayres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-6763","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-6763"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Ayres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University  ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University  ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112623628","display_name":"John J. Donohue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-5386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-5386","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-4421"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JJ Donohue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University  ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University  ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":4029,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4029},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90232151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"436","last_page":"470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.06199999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-of-proof","display_name":"standard of proof","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-statistics","display_name":"crime statistics","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-policy","display_name":"gun policy","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concealed-carry","display_name":"concealed carry","score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement-discretion","display_name":"law enforcement discretion","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5920466780662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4601787328720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4178919196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.41508013010025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.41352713108062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21023708581924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.15837639570236206}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aler/1.1.436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53993439","display_name":"American Law and Economics Review","issn_l":"1465-7252","issn":["1465-7252","1465-7260"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Law and Economics Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065739679","https://openalex.org/W2113862948","https://openalex.org/W2136966024","https://openalex.org/W3125034393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7011796353","https://openalex.org/W3152854746","https://openalex.org/W2031146918","https://openalex.org/W4252108770","https://openalex.org/W1603720846","https://openalex.org/W2912521760","https://openalex.org/W159256188","https://openalex.org/W7096140658","https://openalex.org/W2165434405","https://openalex.org/W2623268112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0],"Ayres,":[1],"JJ":[2],"Donohue,":[3],"III;":[4],"Nondiscretionary":[5],"concealed":[6],"weapons":[7],"laws:":[8],"a":[9],"case":[10],"study":[11],"of":[12,15],"statistics,":[13],"standards":[14],"proof,":[16],"and":[17,22],"public":[18],"policy,":[19],"American":[20],"Law":[21],"Econ":[23]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}