{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994635685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","title":"Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments","display_name":"Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994635685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","mag":"1994635685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/95jb01460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075342837","display_name":"D. L. Kohlstedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-6465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-6465"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. L. Kohlstedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Environmental Sciences-Twin Cities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Environmental Sciences-Twin Cities","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061593992","display_name":"Brian Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0324-0969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0324-0969","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-4778"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030820648","display_name":"S. J. Mackwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1348"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. J. Mackwell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.9181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1603,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9995797,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"100","issue":"B9","first_page":"17587","last_page":"17602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.15520000457763672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10413","display_name":"High-pressure geophysics and materials","score":0.06199999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithosphere-strength","display_name":"lithosphere strength","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strength-envelope","display_name":"strength envelope","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutive-model","display_name":"constitutive equations","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frictional-sliding","display_name":"frictional sliding","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law-creep","display_name":"power-law creep","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brittle-fracture","display_name":"brittle fracture","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plastic-flow","display_name":"plastic flow","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-stability","display_name":"fault stability","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/localization","display_name":"localization","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-pressure","display_name":"pore pressure","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-fugacity","display_name":"water fugacity","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dislocation-creep","display_name":"dislocation creep","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusional-creep","display_name":"diffusional creep","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-rheology","display_name":"rock rheology","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-tectonics","display_name":"planetary tectonics","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16942324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83296","display_name":"Lithosphere","level":3,"score":0.7863193154335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136478896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288","display_name":"Brittleness","level":2,"score":0.711071252822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6944350004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6560712456703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149912024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462188","display_name":"Creep","level":2,"score":0.5789282917976379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.507588267326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48796385526657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937401","display_name":"Constitutive equation","level":3,"score":0.47910597920417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4593750238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.43125224113464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3804525136947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.22481754422187805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.1694469153881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.10764384269714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0999591052532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.08598273992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.07305487990379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.06970709562301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/95jb01460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48159134","https://openalex.org/W89944964","https://openalex.org/W99073912","https://openalex.org/W169990028","https://openalex.org/W190234942","https://openalex.org/W202713303","https://openalex.org/W631787538","https://openalex.org/W1481410074","https://openalex.org/W1489019504","https://openalex.org/W1490030494","https://openalex.org/W1506101227","https://openalex.org/W1520087340","https://openalex.org/W1531400842","https://openalex.org/W1551210829","https://openalex.org/W1553514447","https://openalex.org/W1559147033","https://openalex.org/W1576164025","https://openalex.org/W1637028626","https://openalex.org/W1641908062","https://openalex.org/W1963985505","https://openalex.org/W1964210272","https://openalex.org/W1965110918","https://openalex.org/W1965590780","https://openalex.org/W1968441443","https://openalex.org/W1968510343","https://openalex.org/W1969107252","https://openalex.org/W1970592090","https://openalex.org/W1970664646","https://openalex.org/W1971779994","https://openalex.org/W1972670393","https://openalex.org/W1973421339","https://openalex.org/W1976223539","https://openalex.org/W1977156689","https://openalex.org/W1978000377","https://openalex.org/W1979701378","https://openalex.org/W1983117528","https://openalex.org/W1983358090","https://openalex.org/W1984019124","https://openalex.org/W1985152873","https://openalex.org/W1986104170","https://openalex.org/W1987105966","https://openalex.org/W1989399345","https://openalex.org/W1991463636","https://openalex.org/W1993521019","https://openalex.org/W1993680382","https://openalex.org/W1994116266","https://openalex.org/W1994430007","https://openalex.org/W1995115331","https://openalex.org/W1995334283","https://openalex.org/W1996482226","https://openalex.org/W1998107551","https://openalex.org/W1998221897","https://openalex.org/W1998938053","https://openalex.org/W2003877854","https://openalex.org/W2004277716","https://openalex.org/W2004304948","https://openalex.org/W2005714085","https://openalex.org/W2005887520","https://openalex.org/W2006435755","https://openalex.org/W2010975107","https://openalex.org/W2011427601","https://openalex.org/W2011896412","https://openalex.org/W2013100935","https://openalex.org/W2014263890","https://openalex.org/W2015064905","https://openalex.org/W2015146651","https://openalex.org/W2016159266","https://openalex.org/W2016508757","https://openalex.org/W2019611838","https://openalex.org/W2019907634","https://openalex.org/W2019935798","https://openalex.org/W2020618155","https://openalex.org/W2021622140","https://openalex.org/W2026982741","https://openalex.org/W2028770012","https://openalex.org/W2030586623","https://openalex.org/W2033112114","https://openalex.org/W2033824031","https://openalex.org/W2036708884","https://openalex.org/W2037169091","https://openalex.org/W2039303577","https://openalex.org/W2040106782","https://openalex.org/W2041454236","https://openalex.org/W2044368181","https://openalex.org/W2045438566","https://openalex.org/W2045652652","https://openalex.org/W2045686537","https://openalex.org/W2046022281","https://openalex.org/W2046469004","https://openalex.org/W2048228449","https://openalex.org/W2053441820","https://openalex.org/W2053677174","https://openalex.org/W2054668286","https://openalex.org/W2055563758","https://openalex.org/W2056531344","https://openalex.org/W2057231206","https://openalex.org/W2058809352","https://openalex.org/W2060103924","https://openalex.org/W2060109132","https://openalex.org/W2065525573","https://openalex.org/W2067223357","https://openalex.org/W2071168439","https://openalex.org/W2076545770","https://openalex.org/W2077247563","https://openalex.org/W2078814795","https://openalex.org/W2084768138","https://openalex.org/W2084796812","https://openalex.org/W2086283219","https://openalex.org/W2086552372","https://openalex.org/W2086731929","https://openalex.org/W2087284097","https://openalex.org/W2089827603","https://openalex.org/W2091537830","https://openalex.org/W2100575539","https://openalex.org/W2103711815","https://openalex.org/W2104130471","https://openalex.org/W2104195317","https://openalex.org/W2104356486","https://openalex.org/W2105410414","https://openalex.org/W2108065861","https://openalex.org/W2118893476","https://openalex.org/W2123726990","https://openalex.org/W2128571256","https://openalex.org/W2131414224","https://openalex.org/W2136411870","https://openalex.org/W2138940405","https://openalex.org/W2143922718","https://openalex.org/W2146844484","https://openalex.org/W2148674466","https://openalex.org/W2150723720","https://openalex.org/W2152984700","https://openalex.org/W2155128667","https://openalex.org/W2158642493","https://openalex.org/W2159177523","https://openalex.org/W2160224850","https://openalex.org/W2160245428","https://openalex.org/W2168607185","https://openalex.org/W2169997237","https://openalex.org/W2170219059","https://openalex.org/W2309907070","https://openalex.org/W2339491761","https://openalex.org/W2724477917","https://openalex.org/W3093476703","https://openalex.org/W4211099590","https://openalex.org/W4236526098","https://openalex.org/W4244447964","https://openalex.org/W4293244128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581108530","https://openalex.org/W2809062887","https://openalex.org/W4378877021","https://openalex.org/W2743427670","https://openalex.org/W2900762017","https://openalex.org/W635360828","https://openalex.org/W2268186159","https://openalex.org/W2331429694","https://openalex.org/W169897692","https://openalex.org/W2056510062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,142],"concept":[1],"of":[2,12,15,44,58,64,97,100,167,174,184,187,192,195,209,235,248,255,270,340,349,407],"strength":[3,14,25,57,134,247,258],"envelopes,":[4],"developed":[5],"in":[6,40,60,77,83,87,305,317,327,331,379,392,410],"the":[7,13,16,41,45,54,61,65,68,79,115,127,131,136,154,158,161,172,185,193,204,207,210,216,219,233,236,239,246,253,268,288,296,321,362,372,389,417],"1970s,":[8],"allowed":[9],"quantitative":[10],"predictions":[11,348,373],"lithosphere":[17,46],"based":[18],"on":[19,107,171,257,416,420],"experimentally":[20,396],"determined":[21,214,397],"constitutive":[22,89,297],"equations.":[23],"Initial":[24],"envelopes":[26],"used":[27],"an":[28],"empirical":[29],"relation":[30],"for":[31,179,286,299,314],"frictional":[32,221],"sliding":[33,188,222,290],"to":[34,52,120,139,147,206,218,238,261,346,402],"describe":[35,92],"deformation":[36,85,119,146,316],"along":[37,189],"brittle":[38,118,132,198,289,332],"faults":[39,190],"upper":[42],"portion":[43],"and":[47,86,191,273,281,291,302,333,384,412,419],"power":[48],"law":[49],"creep":[50,301,304],"equations":[51,90,265,298],"estimate":[53],"plastic":[55,148,162,240,315,334],"flow":[56,122,149,163,241,293,353],"rocks":[59,110,249,328],"deeper":[62],"part":[63],"lithosphere.":[66],"In":[67,251],"intervening":[69],"decades,":[70],"substantial":[71],"progress":[72],"has":[73,200],"been":[74],"made":[75],"both":[76,287,330,415],"understanding":[78],"physical":[80],"mechanisms":[81],"involved":[82],"lithospheric":[84],"refining":[88],"that":[91,225,323,377],"these":[93,168],"processes.":[94],"importance":[96],"a":[98,175,337,368,404],"regime":[99],"semibrittle":[101,121,145,292],"behavior":[102],"is":[103,213,259,325],"now":[104,355],"recognized.":[105],"Based":[106],"data":[108,312,343,359],"from":[109,117,144,357],"without":[111],"added":[112],"pore":[113,274],"fluids,":[114],"transition":[116,143,217,237],"can":[123,150,399],"be":[124,151,228,400],"estimated":[125],"as":[126,153,277,279],"point":[128],"at":[129,156],"which":[130,157,266],"fracture":[133,199],"equals":[135],"peak":[137],"stress":[138,155],"cause":[140],"sliding.":[141],"approximated":[152],"pressure":[159,276],"exceeds":[160],"strength.":[164],"Current":[165],"estimates":[166],"stresses":[169],"are":[170,284,308,344,374,387],"order":[173],"few":[176,311],"hundred":[177],"megapascals":[178],"relatively":[180],"dry":[181],"rocks.":[182],"Knowledge":[183],"stability":[186],"onset":[194],"localization":[196,324],"during":[197],"improved":[201],"considerably.":[202],"If":[203],"depth":[205,226,234],"bottom":[208],"seismogenic":[211],"zone":[212],"by":[215,367],"stable":[220],"regime,":[223],"then":[224],"will":[227],"considerably":[229],"more":[230,309],"shallow":[231],"than":[232],"regime.":[242],"Major":[243],"questions":[244],"concerning":[245],"remain.":[250],"particular,":[252],"effect":[254],"water":[256,271],"critical":[260],"accurate":[262,341],"predictions.":[263],"Constitutive":[264],"include":[267],"effects":[269],"fugacity":[272],"fluid":[275],"well":[278],"temperature":[280],"strain":[282],"rate":[283],"needed":[285],"regimes.":[294],"Although":[295],"dislocation":[300],"diffusional":[303],"single\u2010phase":[306],"aggregates":[307],"robust,":[310],"exist":[313],"two\u2010phase":[318],"aggregates.":[319],"Despite":[320],"fact":[322],"ubiquitous":[326],"deforming":[329],"regimes,":[335],"only":[336],"limited":[338],"amount":[339],"experimental":[342],"available":[345],"constrain":[347],"this":[350],"behavior.":[351],"Accordingly,":[352],"strengths":[354],"predicted":[356],"laboratory":[358],"probably":[360,388],"overestimate":[361],"actual":[363],"rock":[364],"strength,":[365],"perhaps":[366],"significant":[369],"amount.":[370],"Still,":[371],"robust":[375],"enough":[376],"uncertainties":[378],"geometry,":[380],"mineralogy,":[381],"loading":[382],"conditions":[383],"thermodynamic":[385],"state":[386],"limiting":[390],"factors":[391],"our":[393],"understanding.":[394],"Thus,":[395],"rheologies":[398],"applied":[401],"understand":[403],"broad":[405],"range":[406],"topical":[408],"problems":[409],"regional":[411],"global":[413],"tectonics":[414],"Earth":[418],"other":[421],"planetary":[422],"bodies.":[423]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":59}],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
