{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994617632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","title":"It Could Have Been Me: Vicarious Victims and Disaster-Focused Distress","display_name":"It Could Have Been Me: Vicarious Victims and Disaster-Focused Distress","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994617632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","mag":"1994617632","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15070479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167203261892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044963102","display_name":"Heidi A. Wayment","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-5966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-5966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heidi A. Wayment","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University,","Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044963102"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98300621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"515","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11388","display_name":"Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health","score":0.8270999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11388","display_name":"Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health","score":0.8270999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.16269999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11104","display_name":"Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vicarious-trauma","display_name":"vicarious trauma","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-loss","display_name":"collective loss","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivor-guilt","display_name":"survivor guilt","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grief","display_name":"grief","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helping-behavior","display_name":"helping behavior","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-strain","display_name":"social strain","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bereavement","display_name":"bereavement","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.8634729385375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7261948585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026040","display_name":"Grief","level":2,"score":0.5772731304168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777274743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817452","display_name":"Mental distress","level":3,"score":0.4947032630443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.4869869649410248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017945913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Emotional distress","level":3,"score":0.45554015040397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.43789464235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34712743759155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2821909785270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.12457439303398132}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004190","descriptor_name":"Disasters","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006117","descriptor_name":"Grief","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006167","descriptor_name":"Guilt","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008402","descriptor_name":"Mass Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009519","descriptor_name":"New York City","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014768","descriptor_name":"Virginia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017741","descriptor_name":"Survivors","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019548","descriptor_name":"Crime Victims","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023481","descriptor_name":"Terrorism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167203261892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15070479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15070479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality & social psychology bulletin","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W436607713","https://openalex.org/W570968912","https://openalex.org/W1254600416","https://openalex.org/W1665332082","https://openalex.org/W1967287454","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W1973896927","https://openalex.org/W1983840092","https://openalex.org/W1991101715","https://openalex.org/W1996546881","https://openalex.org/W2022471357","https://openalex.org/W2024642491","https://openalex.org/W2027813476","https://openalex.org/W2028790406","https://openalex.org/W2044443987","https://openalex.org/W2046705950","https://openalex.org/W2046993223","https://openalex.org/W2047238444","https://openalex.org/W2053782163","https://openalex.org/W2056434135","https://openalex.org/W2064043946","https://openalex.org/W2066358461","https://openalex.org/W2067040761","https://openalex.org/W2074570282","https://openalex.org/W2080288011","https://openalex.org/W2089563771","https://openalex.org/W2089792140","https://openalex.org/W2091971935","https://openalex.org/W2121684756","https://openalex.org/W2130881243","https://openalex.org/W2135210973","https://openalex.org/W2136760064","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2168534058","https://openalex.org/W2336571942","https://openalex.org/W2337473511","https://openalex.org/W4249746737","https://openalex.org/W4249974553","https://openalex.org/W6664679449","https://openalex.org/W6830321942","https://openalex.org/W7026861109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033851172","https://openalex.org/W7047112195","https://openalex.org/W2468580866","https://openalex.org/W3143567306","https://openalex.org/W2097928694","https://openalex.org/W2141859888","https://openalex.org/W2019480254","https://openalex.org/W4406083633","https://openalex.org/W4411581715","https://openalex.org/W1980461317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"College":[0],"students":[1],"who":[2],"had":[3],"experienced":[4],"no":[5],"personal":[6],"bereavement":[7],"in":[8,127],"the":[9,22,79,86,99,115,136],"September":[10],"11":[11],"terrorist":[12],"attacks":[13,23,116],"completed":[14],"questionnaires":[15],"between":[16,88],"3":[17],"and":[18,24,29,40,58,72,84,95,106],"5":[19,25],"weeks":[20],"after":[21,114],"months":[26],"later.":[27],"Cross-sectional":[28],"longitudinal":[30],"structural":[31],"equation":[32],"model":[33],"(SEM)":[34],"analyses":[35],"revealed":[36],"that":[37],"general":[38],"distress":[39,42,53,65,83,101,129,141],"disaster-focused":[41,82,96,100,140],"are":[43],"discernable":[44],"reactions":[45,102,130,142],"following":[46,143],"a":[47],"collective":[48,111,144],"loss.":[49,145],"Both":[50],"types":[51],"of":[52,93,103,138],"were":[54,108,122],"higher":[55],"among":[56],"women":[57],"by":[59],"those":[60],"reporting":[61],"social":[62],"strain.":[63],"General":[64],"was":[66],"associated":[67,109,123],"with":[68,110,124],"previous":[69],"stressful":[70],"events":[71],"mental":[73],"health":[74],"issues.":[75],"Perceived":[76],"similarity":[77],"to":[78,90],"victims":[80,94],"predicted":[81],"mediated":[85],"relationship":[87],"attending":[89],"media":[91],"accounts":[92],"distress.":[97],"Only":[98],"survivor":[104],"guilt":[105],"grief":[107],"helping":[112],"behaviors":[113,121],"and,":[117],"for":[118],"women,":[119],"these":[120,128],"greater":[125],"reductions":[126],"over":[131],"time.":[132],"Discussion":[133],"focuses":[134],"on":[135],"importance":[137],"examining":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}