{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994596677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","title":"Unraveling Nanotubes: Field Emission from an Atomic Wire","display_name":"Unraveling Nanotubes: Field Emission from an Atomic Wire","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994596677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","mag":"1994596677","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17789445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1994596677"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064195900","display_name":"Andrew  Gabriel Rinzler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-059X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4548-059X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. G. Rinzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053800875","display_name":"Jason H. Hafner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-4232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-4232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. H. Hafner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108710119","display_name":"Pavel N. Nikolaev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Nikolaev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007101561","display_name":"Peter J. Nordlander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-2937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-2937","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-4332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Nordlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059736113","display_name":"Daniel T. Colbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. T. Colbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015746014","display_name":"R. E. Smalley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. E. Smalley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics. Mail Stop 100, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"L. Lou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258653","display_name":"Wavefunction (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0114vxt50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wavefunction Corp. 18401 von Karman, Suite 370, Irvine, CA 92715, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wavefunction Corp. 18401 von Karman, Suite 370, Irvine, CA 92715, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103213810","display_name":"Seong\u2010Gon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1629-0319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1629-0319","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-5996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. G. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","Department of Physics and Astronomy and#N# Center for Fundamental Materials Research #N# Michigan State University - East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and#N# Center for Fundamental Materials Research #N# Michigan State University - East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000351641","display_name":"David Tom\u00e1nek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-4788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-4788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Tom\u00e1nek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","Department of Physics and Astronomy and#N# Center for Fundamental Materials Research #N# Michigan State University - East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and#N# Center for Fundamental Materials Research #N# Michigan State University - East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.7772,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1590,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99871118,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"269","issue":"5230","first_page":"1550","last_page":"1553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10074","display_name":"Carbon Nanotubes in Composites","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10074","display_name":"Carbon Nanotubes in Composites","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10083","display_name":"Graphene research and applications","score":0.050599999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-nanotubes","display_name":"carbon nanotubes","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-emission","display_name":"field emission","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-wires","display_name":"atomic wires","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-induced-evaporation","display_name":"laser evaporation","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-etching","display_name":"oxidative etching","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphene","display_name":"graphene","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-carbon-chains","display_name":"linear carbon chains","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-emission","display_name":"electron emission","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/room-temperature-emission","display_name":"room-temperature emission","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513720949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778729","display_name":"Carbon nanotube","level":2,"score":0.8280061483383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121029787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902877","display_name":"Field electron emission","level":3,"score":0.7348558306694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6565842628479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.6090948581695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.5761973261833191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61441594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132814","display_name":"Evaporation","level":2,"score":0.5580570101737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777619693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539430","display_name":"Nanotube","level":3,"score":0.536795973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100460472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368605","display_name":"Etching (microfabrication)","level":3,"score":0.532004177570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.5134778618812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.42657142877578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.3594607710838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3249625563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10656130313873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.07830792665481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5230.1550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17789445","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17789445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.643.4474","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.643.4474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/eprint/DT086.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969589481","https://openalex.org/W1978864750","https://openalex.org/W1993853253","https://openalex.org/W2002872735","https://openalex.org/W2005729506","https://openalex.org/W2008911380","https://openalex.org/W2019125127","https://openalex.org/W2024664819","https://openalex.org/W2034695429","https://openalex.org/W2034713920","https://openalex.org/W2040156526","https://openalex.org/W2054314639","https://openalex.org/W2055738158","https://openalex.org/W2064898902","https://openalex.org/W2071371484","https://openalex.org/W2124467757","https://openalex.org/W2161149950","https://openalex.org/W4240161832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7065716816","https://openalex.org/W2010093582","https://openalex.org/W2106991195","https://openalex.org/W3102084986","https://openalex.org/W2012538562","https://openalex.org/W2020900613","https://openalex.org/W2067894636","https://openalex.org/W2036439507","https://openalex.org/W1990197409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field":[0],"emission":[1],"of":[2,30,44,58,73,78,84,96],"electrons":[3],"from":[4,69],"individually":[5],"mounted":[6],"carbon":[7,59],"nanotubes":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"found":[11],"to":[12,32,54,65],"be":[13,55],"dramatically":[14],"enhanced":[15],"when":[16],"the":[17,70,74,79,82,85,94],"nanotube":[18,80],"tips":[19],"are":[20,52],"opened":[21],"by":[22,81],"laser":[23],"evaporation":[24],"or":[25],"oxidative":[26],"etching.":[27],"Emission":[28],"currents":[29],"0.1":[31],"1":[33],"microampere":[34],"were":[35],"readily":[36],"obtained":[37],"at":[38],"room":[39],"temperature":[40],"with":[41],"bias":[42],"voltages":[43],"less":[45],"than":[46],"80":[47],"volts.":[48],"The":[49],"emitting":[50],"structures":[51],"concluded":[53],"linear":[56],"chains":[57],"atoms,":[60],"Cn,":[61],"(n":[62],"=":[63],"10":[64],"100),":[66],"pulled":[67],"out":[68],"open":[71],"edges":[72],"graphene":[75],"wall":[76],"layers":[77],"force":[83],"electric":[86],"field,":[87],"in":[88],"a":[89,97],"process":[90],"that":[91],"resembles":[92],"unraveling":[93],"sleeve":[95],"sweater.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":59}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
