{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994421189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","title":"The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies","display_name":"The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994421189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","mag":"1994421189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/342381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/342381/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/342381/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001119687","display_name":"S\u00f8ren S. Larsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-1203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-1203"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123576224","display_name":"Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/03z8jm198","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123576224","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S\u00f8ren S. Larsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guest User, Canadian Astronomy Data Centre, which is operated by the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada","UCO, Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guest User, Canadian Astronomy Data Centre, which is operated by the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123576224","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCO, Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001119687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123576224","https://openalex.org/I185103710","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2404,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":229,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95025929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"124","issue":"3","first_page":"1393","last_page":"1409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-clusters","display_name":"star clusters","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminosity-function","display_name":"luminosity function","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral-galaxies","display_name":"spiral galaxies","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-massive-star-clusters","display_name":"young massive star clusters","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-rate","display_name":"star formation rate","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-sampling","display_name":"statistical sampling","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-detection","display_name":"cluster detection","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milky-way","display_name":"Milky Way","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-magellanic-cloud","display_name":"Large Magellanic Cloud","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law-slope","display_name":"power-law slope","score":0.578000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8644919395446777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8308262825012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63585750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488","display_name":"Spiral galaxy","level":3,"score":0.7223747968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5926730632781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555520305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321","display_name":"Milky Way","level":3,"score":0.5452746152877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.5282230377197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17959413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899219","display_name":"Luminosity function","level":4,"score":0.5228866934776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5159940719604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12287442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902","display_name":"Luminosity","level":3,"score":0.451141357421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48393594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168845","display_name":"Star cluster","level":3,"score":0.4385543465614319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/342381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/342381/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0206295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0206295","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0206295","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.315.3864","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.315.3864","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0206295v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:560980","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/560980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0206295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0206295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0206295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/342381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/342381","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/342381/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7221897172","display_name":"Globular Cluster Sub-Populations:  Understanding Galaxy     Formation","funder_award_id":"9900732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1994421189.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1994421189.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482612632","https://openalex.org/W1490906103","https://openalex.org/W1569860697","https://openalex.org/W1947616165","https://openalex.org/W1965941590","https://openalex.org/W1977731007","https://openalex.org/W1998511234","https://openalex.org/W2000599767","https://openalex.org/W2002595440","https://openalex.org/W2003793695","https://openalex.org/W2007088574","https://openalex.org/W2011452424","https://openalex.org/W2014308810","https://openalex.org/W2020138278","https://openalex.org/W2022489355","https://openalex.org/W2023809198","https://openalex.org/W2031776466","https://openalex.org/W2031998401","https://openalex.org/W2037809736","https://openalex.org/W2041251176","https://openalex.org/W2046011451","https://openalex.org/W2052014526","https://openalex.org/W2054930014","https://openalex.org/W2066177833","https://openalex.org/W2072077709","https://openalex.org/W2074981445","https://openalex.org/W2079788987","https://openalex.org/W2092904906","https://openalex.org/W2094142432","https://openalex.org/W2110831150","https://openalex.org/W2111817932","https://openalex.org/W2113154359","https://openalex.org/W2116079115","https://openalex.org/W2116466430","https://openalex.org/W2129760210","https://openalex.org/W2165084703","https://openalex.org/W2167635287","https://openalex.org/W2591733255","https://openalex.org/W2951033192","https://openalex.org/W3103421728","https://openalex.org/W3124388369","https://openalex.org/W4290707612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293907381","https://openalex.org/W2751907542","https://openalex.org/W2980559991","https://openalex.org/W3101604632","https://openalex.org/W4391244342","https://openalex.org/W2163000966","https://openalex.org/W3098566900","https://openalex.org/W1482192333","https://openalex.org/W3098341853","https://openalex.org/W2916847578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Star":[0],"clusters":[1,175,304],"in":[2,79,130,155,167,251,296,305],"six":[3],"nearby":[4],"spiral":[5],"galaxies":[6,30,279],"are":[7,42,94,110,161],"examined":[8],"using":[9],"archive":[10],"images":[11,56,93],"from":[12,35,240,254],"the":[13,22,36,54,64,91,102,106,117,131,156,189,203,224,234,241,246,258,298],"Wide":[14],"Field":[15],"Planetary":[16],"Camera":[17],"2":[18],"(WFPC2)":[19],"on":[20,90],"board":[21],"Hubble":[23],"Space":[24],"Telescope":[25],"(":[26,120,211],"HST":[27,55,92],").":[28],"The":[29,82,108,136,170,271],"have":[31],"previously":[32],"been":[33],"studied":[34],"ground":[37],"and":[38,96,105,233,268],"some":[39],"of":[40,48,61,76,86,116,152,173,180,257,265,278,284,302],"them":[41],"known":[43],"to":[44,140],"possess":[45],"rich":[46],"populations":[47],"\"young":[49],"massive":[50],"clusters.\"":[51],"Comparison":[52],"with":[53,68,98,128,159,188,275],"indicates":[57],"a":[58,153,177,252,263,281],"success":[59],"rate":[60,193],"\u223c75%":[62],"for":[63,101],"ground-based":[65],"cluster":[66,87,248],"detections,":[67],"typical":[69],"contaminants":[70],"being":[71],"blends":[72],"or":[73],"loose":[74],"groupings":[75],"several":[77],"stars":[78],"crowded":[80],"regions.":[81],"luminosity":[83,249],"functions":[84],"(LFs)":[85],"candidates":[88],"identified":[89],"analyzed":[95,244],"compared":[97],"existing":[99,276],"data":[100,243],"Milky":[103],"Way":[104],"LMC.":[107],"LFs":[109],"well":[111,274],"approximated":[112],"by":[113],"power":[114],"laws":[115],"form":[118],"dN":[119,210],"L":[121,125,212,218],")/":[122,213],"dL":[123,214],"\u221d":[124],"\u03b1":[126,219,230],",":[127,186,220],"slopes":[129,138],"range":[132,283],"-2.4":[133],"\u2272":[134],"\u03b1\u2272-2.0.":[135],"steeper":[137],"tend":[139],"be":[141,206],"found":[142],"among":[143],"fits":[144],"covering":[145],"brighter":[146],"magnitude":[147,160,179],"intervals,":[148],"although":[149],"direct":[150],"hints":[151],"variation":[154],"LF":[157,204,259],"slope":[158],"seen":[162],"only":[163],"at":[164,176],"low":[165],"significance":[166],"two":[168],"galaxies.":[169,306],"surface":[171],"density":[172],"star":[174,191,303],"reference":[178],"M":[181],"V":[182],"=":[183,215,231],"-8,":[184],"\u03a3":[185,198,217,266,285],"scales":[187],"mean":[190],"formation":[192],"(SFR)":[194],"per":[195],"unit":[196],"area,":[197,226],"SFR":[199,267,286],".":[200,270],"Assuming":[201],"that":[202,289],"can":[205],"generally":[207],"expressed":[208],"as":[209,262],"cA":[216],"where":[221],"A":[222,269],"is":[223,238,260],"galaxy":[225,253],"\u03b3":[227],"\u223c":[228],"1.0\u20131.4,":[229],"-2.4,":[232],"normalization":[235],"constant":[236],"c":[237],"determined":[239],"WFPC2":[242],"here,":[245],"maximum":[247,299],"expected":[250],"random":[255],"sampling":[256,290],"estimated":[261],"function":[264],"predictions":[272],"agree":[273],"observations":[277],"spanning":[280],"wide":[282],"values,":[287],"suggesting":[288],"statistics":[291],"play":[292],"an":[293],"important":[294],"role":[295],"determining":[297],"observed":[300],"luminosities":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}