{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994358697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","title":"Combining stochastic dynamical state-vector reduction with spontaneous localization","display_name":"Combining stochastic dynamical state-vector reduction with spontaneous localization","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994358697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","mag":"1994358697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9901493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.39.2277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033165384","display_name":"Philip Pearle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9059-6077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9059-6077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188592606","display_name":"Hamilton College","ror":"https://ror.org/05709zb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Pearle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323","Department of Physics, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York#R#          13323"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York#R#          13323","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033165384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"],"apc_list":{"value":2675,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2675},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":941,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99726426,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"5","first_page":"2277","last_page":"2289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spontaneous-localization","display_name":"spontaneous localization","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-vector-reduction","display_name":"state vector reduction","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markovian-evolution","display_name":"Markovian evolution","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-measurement-problem","display_name":"measurement problem","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777798563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603916","display_name":"State vector","level":2,"score":0.8250974416732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.5731117725372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5615731477737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652941","display_name":"Hermitian matrix","level":2,"score":0.5176475644111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45795050263404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4460486173629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4338324964046478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.43000054359436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91188154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186247","display_name":"Vector field","level":2,"score":0.4268453121185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.3926863670349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.392532616853714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09060508012771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.08520281314849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.39.2277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.39.2277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9901493","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9901493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review. A, General physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/326815","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/326815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Y - Progress report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975789880","https://openalex.org/W1976499014","https://openalex.org/W1976529574","https://openalex.org/W1982234232","https://openalex.org/W1986101505","https://openalex.org/W1993706068","https://openalex.org/W2002729739","https://openalex.org/W2018126686","https://openalex.org/W2022394656","https://openalex.org/W2030274362","https://openalex.org/W2056023818","https://openalex.org/W2067591664","https://openalex.org/W2081098674","https://openalex.org/W2082739523","https://openalex.org/W2093521109","https://openalex.org/W2316713953","https://openalex.org/W2565438788","https://openalex.org/W2565606554","https://openalex.org/W4230818032","https://openalex.org/W4246253703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974974009","https://openalex.org/W2048407646","https://openalex.org/W2058509714","https://openalex.org/W2161164194","https://openalex.org/W3127850037","https://openalex.org/W3103961725","https://openalex.org/W2009589047","https://openalex.org/W7006006111","https://openalex.org/W2088641351","https://openalex.org/W1982769381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,80],"linear":[1],"equation":[2],"of":[3,25,40,47,56,69,99,119,134],"motion":[4],"for":[5],"the":[6,22,26,33,37,57,74,90,109,117,130],"state":[7,42,49,75,101,114,120,136],"vector":[8,43,76,102,115],"is":[9,19,30,88,103,124],"presented,":[10],"in":[11,72,116],"which":[12,73],"an":[13,45],"anti-Hermitian":[14],"Hamiltonian":[15,24],"that":[16,89,113],"fluctuates":[17],"randomly":[18],"added":[20],"to":[21,44,108,126],"usual":[23],"Schr\\\"odinger":[27],"equation.":[28],"It":[29],"shown":[31,125],"how":[32],"resulting":[34],"theory":[35,68],"describes":[36],"continuous":[38],"evolution":[39,133],"a":[41],"ensemble":[46,118],"reduced":[48],"vectors":[50],"while":[51],"retaining":[52],"important":[53],"physical":[54],"features":[55],"Ghirardi,":[58],"Rimini,":[59],"and":[60],"Weber":[61],"[Phys.":[62],"Rev.":[63],"D":[64],"34,":[65],"470":[66],"(1986)]":[67],"spontaneous":[70],"localization,":[71],"reduction":[77],"occurs":[78],"discontinuously.":[79],"novel":[81],"aspect,":[82],"compared":[83],"with":[84,94,129],"ordinary":[85],"quantum":[86],"theory,":[87],"state-vector":[91],"norm":[92,98],"changes":[93],"time.":[95],"The":[96],"squared":[97],"each":[100,135],"interpreted":[104],"as":[105],"being":[106],"proportional":[107],"probability":[110],"possessed":[111],"by":[112],"vectors.":[121],"This":[122],"interpretation":[123],"be":[127],"consistent":[128],"independent":[131],"Markovian":[132],"vector.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}