{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994198151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","title":"Environmental Inequality in Metropolitan America","display_name":"Environmental Inequality in Metropolitan America","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994198151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","mag":"1994198151","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960094","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2786067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1086026608321327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94552155","display_name":"Organization & Environment","issn_l":"1086-0266","issn":["1086-0266","1552-7417"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization &amp; Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2786067","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054738225","display_name":"Liam C. Downey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-3190","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-3190"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liam Downey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024635001","display_name":"Summer DuBois","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Summer Dubois","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081730388","display_name":"Brian Hawkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Hawkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michelle Walker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.9958,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98363938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"270","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-inequality","display_name":"environmental inequality","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-justice","display_name":"environmental justice","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-segregation","display_name":"residential segregation","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-income-inequality","display_name":"racial income inequality","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution-exposure","display_name":"air pollution exposure","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-areas","display_name":"metropolitan areas","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-screening-environmental-indicators","display_name":"Risk Screening Environmental Indicators","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximity-to-pollution-sources","display_name":"proximity to pollution sources","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-groups","display_name":"minority groups","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.828362762928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.633985161781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479527","display_name":"Environmental justice","level":2,"score":0.5457174777984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.484341025352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.45321908593177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4429958164691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.39757588505744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17927923798561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11546894907951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1086026608321327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026608321327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94552155","display_name":"Organization & Environment","issn_l":"1086-0266","issn":["1086-0266","1552-7417"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization &amp; Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19960094","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization & environment","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2786067","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2786067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Organ Environ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.915.767","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.915.767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://oae.sagepub.com/content/21/3/270.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2786067","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2786067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Organ Environ","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3575528952","display_name":"NICHD Population Center","funder_award_id":"R21HD051146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53476090","https://openalex.org/W122411770","https://openalex.org/W624155561","https://openalex.org/W639896341","https://openalex.org/W656888131","https://openalex.org/W1552059678","https://openalex.org/W1562743812","https://openalex.org/W1714987702","https://openalex.org/W1961625485","https://openalex.org/W1964201191","https://openalex.org/W1969633321","https://openalex.org/W1976289247","https://openalex.org/W1980161574","https://openalex.org/W1980420211","https://openalex.org/W1981934262","https://openalex.org/W1987534397","https://openalex.org/W1999702698","https://openalex.org/W2007234416","https://openalex.org/W2024165650","https://openalex.org/W2040836015","https://openalex.org/W2043105865","https://openalex.org/W2043971751","https://openalex.org/W2045156554","https://openalex.org/W2047399193","https://openalex.org/W2064192312","https://openalex.org/W2064246861","https://openalex.org/W2067589966","https://openalex.org/W2073177344","https://openalex.org/W2074380073","https://openalex.org/W2081265676","https://openalex.org/W2082661767","https://openalex.org/W2082924928","https://openalex.org/W2092926090","https://openalex.org/W2094393566","https://openalex.org/W2096980133","https://openalex.org/W2104415068","https://openalex.org/W2107276452","https://openalex.org/W2107739056","https://openalex.org/W2109933771","https://openalex.org/W2113413536","https://openalex.org/W2113476295","https://openalex.org/W2136212866","https://openalex.org/W2136319119","https://openalex.org/W2136925595","https://openalex.org/W2137284904","https://openalex.org/W2142717105","https://openalex.org/W2144931959","https://openalex.org/W2148929755","https://openalex.org/W2158234889","https://openalex.org/W2159350617","https://openalex.org/W2171624052","https://openalex.org/W2257790606","https://openalex.org/W2480076137","https://openalex.org/W2798235699","https://openalex.org/W2799409416","https://openalex.org/W3021346191","https://openalex.org/W3107392813","https://openalex.org/W3125247898","https://openalex.org/W3163475714","https://openalex.org/W4210522198","https://openalex.org/W4234714949","https://openalex.org/W4247140771","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300663062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159350617","https://openalex.org/W2074380073","https://openalex.org/W2896334718","https://openalex.org/W2764329868","https://openalex.org/W2083474925","https://openalex.org/W2991189802","https://openalex.org/W2560898531","https://openalex.org/W2107276452","https://openalex.org/W2425574653","https://openalex.org/W3123200848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"compares":[2],"the":[3,22,27,39,79,99,108,130,163],"environmental":[4,54,66,120,145,159,173],"hazard":[5],"burden":[6],"experienced":[7],"by":[8],"Blacks,":[9],"Hispanics,":[10],"Pacific":[11],"Islanders,":[12],"Native":[13],"Americans,":[14,16],"Asian":[15],"and":[17,50,74,90,113,136,153,161,167],"Whites":[18],"in":[19,26,57,78,86,95,118,171],"each":[20,58,76],"of":[21,59,144],"329":[23],"metropolitan":[24,61,72,88,97],"areas":[25,73,89],"continental":[28],"United":[29],"States,":[30],"using":[31],"toxicity-weighted":[32],"air":[33],"pollutant":[34],"concentration":[35],"data":[36],"drawn":[37],"from":[38,176],"Environmental":[40,44],"Protection":[41],"Agency's":[42],"Risk-Screening":[43],"Indicators":[45],"project":[46],"to":[47,51,126,158,180],"determine":[48],"whether":[49],"what":[52],"degree":[53],"inequality":[55,67,116,139,146,166,174],"exists":[56],"these":[60,128],"areas.":[62],"After":[63],"demonstrating":[64],"that":[65,75,104,110,133,148,162],"outcomes":[68],"vary":[69,175],"widely":[70],"across":[71],"group":[77,156,179],"analysis":[80],"experiences":[81],"a":[82,91],"high":[83],"pollution":[84,93],"disadvantage":[85,94],"multiple":[87],"medium":[92],"many":[96],"areas,":[98],"authors":[100,131],"test":[101,127],"three":[102],"hypotheses":[103],"make":[105],"predictions":[106],"about":[107],"role":[109],"residential":[111,134,149,168],"segregation":[112,135,150,169],"racial":[114,137],"income":[115,138,165],"play":[117,170],"producing":[119,172],"inequality.":[121],"Using":[122],"logistic":[123],"regression":[124],"models":[125],"hypotheses,":[129],"find":[132],"are":[140],"relatively":[141],"poor":[142],"predictors":[143],"outcomes,":[147],"can":[151],"increase":[152],"decrease":[154],"racial/ethnic":[155,178],"proximity":[157],"hazards,":[160],"roles":[164],"one":[177],"another.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
