{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994074918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","title":"The \u2018close but adversarial\u2019 model of supplier relations in the U.S. auto industry","display_name":"The \u2018close but adversarial\u2019 model of supplier relations in the U.S. auto industry","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994074918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","mag":"1994074918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102949365","display_name":"Strategic Management Journal","issn_l":"0143-2095","issn":["0143-2095","1097-0266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Strategic Management Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038778695","display_name":"Ram Mudambi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ram Mudambi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISMA Centre, University of Reading, Reading, U.K","ISMA Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, P O Box 242, Reading RG6 6BA, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISMA Centre, University of Reading, Reading, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISMA Centre, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, P O Box 242, Reading RG6 6BA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109848646","display_name":"Susan R. Helper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Helper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038778695"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"apc_list":{"value":4250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.9957,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":213,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98996808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"775","last_page":"792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10154","display_name":"Customer Service Quality and Loyalty","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buyer-supplier-relations","display_name":"buyer-supplier relations","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplier-relationships","display_name":"supplier relationships","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-behavior","display_name":"adversarial behavior","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-cooperative-behavior","display_name":"non-cooperative behavior","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust","display_name":"trust","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-relationships","display_name":"collaborative relationships","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"automotive industry","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-advantage","display_name":"competitive advantage","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-management","display_name":"relationship management","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9251857399940491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6578065752983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.45331454277038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4137974977493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4136267900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.4129115641117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4079042673110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3902178108692169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.29969093203544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2650042772293091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15179842710494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.0.co;2-v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102949365","display_name":"Strategic Management Journal","issn_l":"0143-2095","issn":["0143-2095","1097-0266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Strategic Management Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.3.co;2-m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.3.co;2-m","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199808)19:8<775::aid-smj970>3.3.co;2-m","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102949365","display_name":"Strategic Management Journal","issn_l":"0143-2095","issn":["0143-2095","1097-0266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Strategic Management Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.462.6052","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.6052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://astro.temple.edu/~rmudambi/Publications/Mudambi-Helper SMJ.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/375398","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/375398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"R - Report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61860491","https://openalex.org/W594419764","https://openalex.org/W641993026","https://openalex.org/W1491087240","https://openalex.org/W1507862428","https://openalex.org/W1516136238","https://openalex.org/W1520009991","https://openalex.org/W1525642163","https://openalex.org/W1550551221","https://openalex.org/W1564339157","https://openalex.org/W1606991169","https://openalex.org/W1792720193","https://openalex.org/W1855283887","https://openalex.org/W1972110191","https://openalex.org/W1973308529","https://openalex.org/W1974526832","https://openalex.org/W1979163061","https://openalex.org/W1983272981","https://openalex.org/W1991425471","https://openalex.org/W2001748779","https://openalex.org/W2002297221","https://openalex.org/W2018285322","https://openalex.org/W2030483771","https://openalex.org/W2034883260","https://openalex.org/W2036978538","https://openalex.org/W2046720452","https://openalex.org/W2049949638","https://openalex.org/W2059464366","https://openalex.org/W2060108108","https://openalex.org/W2064813452","https://openalex.org/W2082131211","https://openalex.org/W2086844135","https://openalex.org/W2097538495","https://openalex.org/W2097927444","https://openalex.org/W2114796419","https://openalex.org/W2129126524","https://openalex.org/W2137247419","https://openalex.org/W2161058174","https://openalex.org/W2165848253","https://openalex.org/W2202944660","https://openalex.org/W2331649363","https://openalex.org/W2334763492","https://openalex.org/W2475953478","https://openalex.org/W2566040971","https://openalex.org/W2625915392","https://openalex.org/W3091274772","https://openalex.org/W4237803000","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202453446","https://openalex.org/W2012243994","https://openalex.org/W1793487741","https://openalex.org/W2072523259","https://openalex.org/W2123453524","https://openalex.org/W4253000620","https://openalex.org/W4286621644","https://openalex.org/W2085607593","https://openalex.org/W47700125","https://openalex.org/W1746537816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"cooperative":[1,56,94],"buyer\u2013supplier":[2,57],"relations":[3],"are":[4],"an":[5],"important":[6],"source":[7],"of":[8,27,69,80],"sustainable":[9],"competitive":[10],"advantage,":[11],"noncooperative":[12,22],"behavior":[13,23,60],"persists":[14],"widely.":[15],"This":[16,37],"paper":[17],"tests":[18],"a":[19,25,64],"model":[20,41],"incorporating":[21],"within":[24,54],"context":[26],"formal":[28],"commitment,":[29],"using":[30],"data":[31],"from":[32],"the":[33,49,70],"U.S.":[34],"auto":[35],"industry.":[36],"\u2018close,":[38],"but":[39,66],"adversarial\u2019":[40],"appears":[42],"to":[43,74],"be":[44,75],"reasonably":[45],"well":[46,83],"supported":[47],"by":[48,77],"data,":[50],"suggesting":[51],"that":[52],"even":[53],"professed":[55],"relationships":[58,71],"adversarial":[59],"persists.":[61],"In":[62],"contrast,":[63],"small":[65],"significant":[67],"minority":[68],"were":[72],"found":[73],"characterized":[76],"high":[78],"levels":[79],"trust":[81],"as":[82,84],"informal":[85],"commitment.":[86],"The":[87],"results":[88],"suggest":[89],"specific":[90],"strategies":[91],"for":[92],"developing":[93],"supplier":[95],"relations.":[96],"\u00a9":[97],"1998":[98],"John":[99],"Wiley":[100],"&":[101],"Sons,":[102],"Ltd.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}