{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993969434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","title":"Brain drain: Do economic conditions \u201cpush\u201d doctors out of developing countries?","display_name":"Brain drain: Do economic conditions \u201cpush\u201d doctors out of developing countries?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993969434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","mag":"1993969434","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24331896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106822843","display_name":"Social Science & Medicine","issn_l":"0277-9536","issn":["0277-9536","1873-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Science &amp; Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010529309","display_name":"Edward N. Okeke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5154-4847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5154-4847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward N. Okeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: eokeke@rand.org","RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: eokeke@rand.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010529309"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"],"apc_list":{"value":3800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4078,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9845045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":null,"first_page":"169","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11731","display_name":"Global Health and Surgery","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-drain","display_name":"brain drain","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-migration","display_name":"physician migration","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-worker-migration","display_name":"health workforce migration","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-conditions","display_name":"economic conditions","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gdp-per-capita","display_name":"GDP per capita","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-immigration","display_name":"migration to the United States","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migration-to-the-united-kingdom","display_name":"migration to the United Kingdom","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.7247641086578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6882834434509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5424985289573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993252514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190222","display_name":"Brain drain","level":2,"score":0.5368481278419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5061010718345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.4915080964565277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.46028345823287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45862290263175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170595211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177626","display_name":"Human migration","level":3,"score":0.44729337096214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777917351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863941","display_name":"Internal migration","level":3,"score":0.4457486569881439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.40021127462387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34267765283584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.29516881704330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.23528781533241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12332767248153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.07612055540084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005551","descriptor_name":"Foreign Professional Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017059","descriptor_name":"Models, Econometric","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059066","descriptor_name":"Gross Domestic Product","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106822843","display_name":"Social Science & Medicine","issn_l":"0277-9536","issn":["0277-9536","1873-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Science &amp; Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24331896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24331896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social science & medicine (1982)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:socmed:v:98:y:2013:i:c:p:169-178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953613005169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9269000291824341},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191132635","https://openalex.org/W1495711164","https://openalex.org/W1528126550","https://openalex.org/W1537245944","https://openalex.org/W1540595291","https://openalex.org/W1576878622","https://openalex.org/W1595011983","https://openalex.org/W1604213495","https://openalex.org/W1840218356","https://openalex.org/W1886305637","https://openalex.org/W1967777997","https://openalex.org/W1980412904","https://openalex.org/W1993693463","https://openalex.org/W1998432369","https://openalex.org/W2005382467","https://openalex.org/W2007352806","https://openalex.org/W2011129764","https://openalex.org/W2022083275","https://openalex.org/W2025111736","https://openalex.org/W2041943642","https://openalex.org/W2051968394","https://openalex.org/W2058383931","https://openalex.org/W2062995668","https://openalex.org/W2083485815","https://openalex.org/W2098799065","https://openalex.org/W2102523874","https://openalex.org/W2111678752","https://openalex.org/W2123286530","https://openalex.org/W2125084340","https://openalex.org/W2125705164","https://openalex.org/W2133711894","https://openalex.org/W2137598202","https://openalex.org/W2140801668","https://openalex.org/W2143963434","https://openalex.org/W2147039585","https://openalex.org/W2149686900","https://openalex.org/W2151780178","https://openalex.org/W2151821192","https://openalex.org/W2154014491","https://openalex.org/W2157125051","https://openalex.org/W2161860893","https://openalex.org/W2162493541","https://openalex.org/W2167164130","https://openalex.org/W2167595243","https://openalex.org/W2169146188","https://openalex.org/W2297159276","https://openalex.org/W2512469588","https://openalex.org/W2616946909","https://openalex.org/W2901104999","https://openalex.org/W3020850113","https://openalex.org/W3023655328","https://openalex.org/W3121199680","https://openalex.org/W3121849096","https://openalex.org/W3122239407","https://openalex.org/W3123603662","https://openalex.org/W3124103239","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3125333792","https://openalex.org/W3126037482","https://openalex.org/W3140774056","https://openalex.org/W6632107048","https://openalex.org/W6636319592","https://openalex.org/W6685167163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348611737","https://openalex.org/W4416958932","https://openalex.org/W3115333221","https://openalex.org/W7002026287","https://openalex.org/W2992911516","https://openalex.org/W3151396130","https://openalex.org/W3186248414","https://openalex.org/W2062995668","https://openalex.org/W2018046287","https://openalex.org/W561157292"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
