{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993877705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","title":"Nickel dithiolene-PMMA guest-host polymers for all-optical signal switching","display_name":"Nickel dithiolene-PMMA guest-host polymers for all-optical signal switching","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993877705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","mag":"1993877705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.139228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048942152","display_name":"Stephen N. Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4394-133X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4394-133X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14689143","display_name":"BT Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03308db07","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012","https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen N. Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031598499","display_name":"Christopher S. Winter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14689143","display_name":"BT Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03308db07","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012","https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Winter","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108420031","display_name":"Robert J. Manning","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14689143","display_name":"BT Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03308db07","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012","https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114000591","display_name":"James D. Rush","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14689143","display_name":"BT Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03308db07","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012","https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James D. Rush","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Laboratories (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14689143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066375804","display_name":"Callum A. S. Hill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-2230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-2230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161548249","display_name":"Bangor University","ror":"https://ror.org/006jb1a24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161548249"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Callum A. S. Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. College of North Wales (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. College of North Wales (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161548249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055340180","display_name":"Allan E. Underhill","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161548249","display_name":"Bangor University","ror":"https://ror.org/006jb1a24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161548249"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan E. Underhill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. College of North Wales (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. College of North Wales (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161548249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93150685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1775","issue":null,"first_page":"110","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11788","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11788","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11025","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Research","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel-dithiolene-complexes","display_name":"nickel dithiolene complexes","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guest-host-polymers","display_name":"guest-host polymers","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-order-nonlinear-susceptibility","display_name":"third-order nonlinear susceptibility","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-refractive-index","display_name":"nonlinear refractive index","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-photon-absorption","display_name":"two-photon absorption","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degenerate-four-wave-mixing","display_name":"degenerate four-wave mixing","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/z-scan","display_name":"Z-scan","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-waveguide-devices","display_name":"optical waveguide devices","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-optical-materials","display_name":"nonlinear optical materials","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.6305122971534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.612707793712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504270822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744","display_name":"Nickel","level":2,"score":0.5875927805900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781076698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718074","display_name":"Aryl","level":3,"score":0.5334176421165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166950319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245031","display_name":"Intermolecular force","level":3,"score":0.507209300994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.49619609117507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.47292548418045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116569031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899107","display_name":"Ligand (biochemistry)","level":3,"score":0.4684429466724396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.45212578773498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.4378974437713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780263894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335268","display_name":"Alkyl","level":2,"score":0.4056694507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.387381374835968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3836291432380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3618960380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.2559398114681244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.23225504159927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.19531139731407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18749678134918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16396614909172058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.139228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.139228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071122692","https://openalex.org/W2058686589","https://openalex.org/W2331233793","https://openalex.org/W2020638747","https://openalex.org/W2032832985","https://openalex.org/W2052920172","https://openalex.org/W1999028037","https://openalex.org/W2120717787","https://openalex.org/W2769852496","https://openalex.org/W2961452892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"nonlinear":[1,6],"susceptibility,":[2],"(chi)":[3],"(3),":[4],"and":[5,22,34,54,123],"refractive":[7],"index,":[8],"n2,":[9],"of":[10,13,108,149],"a":[11],"range":[12],"dithiolenes:":[14],"metal-sulfur":[15],"ligand":[16],"complexes":[17],"bearing":[18],"simple":[19,101,115],"H,":[20],"alkyl":[21],"aryl":[23],"substituents":[24],"have":[25,63,81,134],"been":[26,64,82],"measured":[27],"by":[28],"degenerate":[29],"four":[30],"wave":[31],"mixing":[32],"(DFWM)":[33],"self":[35],"focussing/defocussing":[36],"(z-scan)":[37],"at":[38,92],"1.064":[39],"micrometers":[40],"using":[41,118],"100":[42],"ps":[43],"pulses.":[44],"Materials":[45],"with":[46,51,146],"the":[47,93,150],"largest":[48],"coefficients":[49],"consistent":[50],"low":[52],"linear":[53],"two":[55,89],"photon":[56,90],"absorption,":[57],"for":[58,97,114],"example":[59],"bis[1-ethyl-2-":[60],"phenylethene-1,2-dithiolate(2-)-S,S']":[61],"nickel":[62],"modified":[65],"to":[66,139],"be":[67,144],"soluble":[68],"as":[69,76,78],"guests":[70],"in":[71,137],"PMMA":[72],"host":[73],"polymers,":[74],"n2's":[75],"high":[77,94],"10-8":[79],"cm2/kW":[80],"found":[83],"but":[84],"intermolecular":[85],"interaction":[86],"causes":[87],"increased":[88],"absorption":[91],"loading":[95],"necessary":[96],"this":[98,142],"n2.":[99],"Some":[100],"chemical":[102],"modifications":[103],"which":[104],"may":[105,143],"improve":[106],"figures":[107],"merit":[109],"are":[110,121,130],"suggested.":[111],"Power":[112],"requirements":[113],"waveguide":[116],"devices":[117],"these":[119],"materials":[120,129],"estimated":[122],"it":[124],"is":[125],"concluded":[126],"that":[127,141],"improved":[128],"still":[131],"needed.":[132],"Dithiolenes":[133],"sufficient":[135],"variability":[136],"structure":[138],"suggest":[140],"achievable":[145],"new":[147],"derivatives":[148],"same":[151],"family.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
