{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993130705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","title":"Effect of spreading method, application rate and dilution on ammonia volatilization from cattle slurry","display_name":"Effect of spreading method, application rate and dilution on ammonia volatilization from cattle slurry","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993130705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","mag":"1993130705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74357050","display_name":"Grass and Forage Science","issn_l":"0142-5242","issn":["0142-5242","1365-2494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Grass and Forage Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111475396","display_name":"J. P. Frost","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. P. FROST","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hillsborough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hillsborough, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111475396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81328499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"391","last_page":"400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.22660000622272491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11311","display_name":"Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics","score":0.051600001752376556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonia-volatilization","display_name":"ammonia volatilization","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle-slurry","display_name":"cattle slurry","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-spreading","display_name":"band spreading","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slurry-application-rate","display_name":"slurry application rate","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slurry-dilution","display_name":"slurry dilution","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-spreading","display_name":"surface spreading","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manure-management","display_name":"manure management","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94293008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23925154","display_name":"Slurry","level":2,"score":0.9603371620178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5413467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939996","display_name":"Volatilisation","level":2,"score":0.8848190307617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3028008","display_name":"Dilution","level":2,"score":0.7659848928451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54285103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4747287","display_name":"Ammonia volatilization from urea","level":3,"score":0.6268463134765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776382133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087","display_name":"Ammonia","level":2,"score":0.6011959910392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5683184862136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4721555709838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4505414068698883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.3352294862270355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.30318957567214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.24451309442520142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb02015.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74357050","display_name":"Grass and Forage Science","issn_l":"0142-5242","issn":["0142-5242","1365-2494"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Grass and Forage Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6735000014305115,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69877928","https://openalex.org/W135512916","https://openalex.org/W170686977","https://openalex.org/W1518793283","https://openalex.org/W1523143111","https://openalex.org/W1602882477","https://openalex.org/W1972295509","https://openalex.org/W1973432664","https://openalex.org/W1988263894","https://openalex.org/W1990461170","https://openalex.org/W1993718059","https://openalex.org/W2009202362","https://openalex.org/W2049783436","https://openalex.org/W2066891864","https://openalex.org/W2074207049","https://openalex.org/W2079648453","https://openalex.org/W2145441371","https://openalex.org/W2145922187","https://openalex.org/W3092968860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092968860","https://openalex.org/W376303480","https://openalex.org/W2145922187","https://openalex.org/W226497368","https://openalex.org/W2020358062","https://openalex.org/W2038743949","https://openalex.org/W7007980173","https://openalex.org/W2131201901","https://openalex.org/W2030559162","https://openalex.org/W2018079841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Results":[1],"from":[2,64,82,145,265],"a":[3,247],"series":[4],"of":[5,35,59,67,71,75,95,110,120,139,143,183,190,200,212,219,233,249,259,263],"five":[6],"small\u2010scale":[7],"plot":[8],"experiments":[9],"which":[10],"simulated":[11],"different":[12],"strategies":[13],"for":[14],"lowering":[15],"ammonia":[16,195],"volatilization":[17,61,116,135,196,215,255],"following":[18,48],"slurry":[19,55,96,103,111,121,140,193,201,220,238,252,260],"application":[20,37,49,66,84,126,155,171,188],"to":[21,80,106,141,158,179,236,244],"grassland":[22],"are":[23],"reported.":[24],"Strategies":[25],"studied":[26],"were":[27],"band":[28,76,131],"spreading,":[29],"shallow\u2010channel":[30,154],"application,":[31],"spike":[32],"injection,":[33],"rate":[34,70,189],"surface":[36,65],"and":[38,133,165,241],"dilution.":[39],"Volatilization":[40],"was":[41,78,104,122,127,150,167,239,261],"measured":[42],"over":[43,98],"the":[44,60,68,87,92,99,107,115,123,184,187,213,228,231,237,253],"first":[45],"4":[46],"h":[47],"with":[50,91],"ventilated":[51],"enclosures.":[52],"Band":[53],"spread":[54,97],"resulted":[56,209],"in":[57,86,113,161,210],"0\u00b74":[58,211],"that":[62,144,221,264],"occurred":[63,222],"same":[69,93,108],"slurry.":[72,147,267],"The":[73],"benefit":[74],"spreading":[77,132],"shown":[79],"arise":[81],"higher":[83],"rates":[85],"bands":[88],"when":[89],"compared":[90],"quantity":[94],"surface.":[100],"When":[101],"surface\u2010spread":[102,146],"applied":[105,202],"depth":[109],"as":[112,153],"bands,":[114],"per":[117,136,197,216,256],"unit":[118,137,198,217,257],"volume":[119,138,199,218,258],"same.":[124],"Shallow\u2010channel":[125,170],"more":[128],"effective":[129,152],"than":[130],"lowered":[134],"<0\u00b71":[142],"Spike":[148],"injection":[149],"equally":[151],"but,":[156],"owing":[157],"perceived":[159],"difficulties":[160],"machine":[162],"design,":[163],"construction":[164],"operation,":[166],"deemed":[168],"impractical.":[169],"has":[172],"potential,":[173],"though":[174],"further":[175],"work":[176],"is":[177],"required":[178],"optimize":[180],"centre\u2010to\u2010centre":[181],"spacing":[182],"channels.":[185],"As":[186],"surface\u2010applied":[191],"raw":[192],"increased,":[194],"decreased.":[203],"Application":[204],"at":[205,223],"50":[206],"m3":[207,225],"ha\u22121":[208],"specific":[214,254],"6\u00b73":[224],"ha\u22121.":[226],"Within":[227],"dilution":[229,248],"treatments,":[230],"amount":[232],"water":[234],"added":[235],"linearly":[240],"inversely":[242],"related":[243],"volatilization.":[245],"At":[246],"0\u00b79\u20101\u00b72:1":[250],"water:":[251],"0\u00b75":[262],"undiluted":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
