{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992489478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","title":"Nanoscale Imaging of the Electronic Conductivity of the Native Oxide Film on Titanium Using Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy","display_name":"Nanoscale Imaging of the Electronic Conductivity of the Native Oxide Film on Titanium Using Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992489478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","mag":"1992489478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp034874u","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048737085","display_name":"Chett J. Boxley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chett J. Boxley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","University of Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083791733","display_name":"Henry S. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-0996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-0996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry S. White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067951167","display_name":"Catherine E. Gardner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine E. Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","University of Warwick"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052058935","display_name":"Julie V. Macpherson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8383","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8383"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie V. Macpherson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","University of Warwick"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1440 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92640772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"36","first_page":"9677","last_page":"9680"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10736","display_name":"Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-oxide-film","display_name":"native oxide film","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanium-dioxide","display_name":"titanium dioxide","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-conductivity","display_name":"electronic conductivity","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conducting-atomic-force-microscopy","display_name":"conducting atomic force microscopy","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-boundaries","display_name":"grain boundaries","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxide-defects","display_name":"oxide defects","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ti3-sites","display_name":"Ti3+ sites","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ti2o3","display_name":"Ti2O3","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycrystalline-titanium","display_name":"polycrystalline titanium","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7690659761428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131540310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907564","display_name":"Conductivity","level":2,"score":0.7557533979415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690","display_name":"Oxide","level":2,"score":0.7188615798950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47908070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900515","display_name":"Grain boundary","level":3,"score":0.6970875859260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137637335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899604","display_name":"Crystallite","level":2,"score":0.6568536758422852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206008964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159384","display_name":"Conductive atomic force microscopy","level":3,"score":0.5822166204452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.5200181007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.5039162039756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166524527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61670599","display_name":"Titanium oxide","level":2,"score":0.5034303069114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506065880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716","display_name":"Titanium","level":2,"score":0.4760180115699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.47454771399497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.458679735660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.39220428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3875948190689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3135174810886383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102951782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49295","display_name":"Atomic force microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2982226610183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2458530068397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20542865991592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.1774972379207611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1282440721988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.058609992265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp034874u","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034874u","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520011146","https://openalex.org/W1967753942","https://openalex.org/W1981319288","https://openalex.org/W1982081638","https://openalex.org/W1984532530","https://openalex.org/W1986703273","https://openalex.org/W2012585174","https://openalex.org/W2013024039","https://openalex.org/W2018656172","https://openalex.org/W2021662785","https://openalex.org/W2022336538","https://openalex.org/W2027612513","https://openalex.org/W2037254617","https://openalex.org/W2058278739","https://openalex.org/W2061192095","https://openalex.org/W2064430913","https://openalex.org/W2077759022","https://openalex.org/W2086901653","https://openalex.org/W2093135695","https://openalex.org/W2155626313","https://openalex.org/W2288258471","https://openalex.org/W4212955114","https://openalex.org/W4229499352","https://openalex.org/W4300911165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549519685","https://openalex.org/W3113524699","https://openalex.org/W2031168370","https://openalex.org/W2072833603","https://openalex.org/W2803846848","https://openalex.org/W2016851031","https://openalex.org/W7132667910","https://openalex.org/W2028790199","https://openalex.org/W2008621594","https://openalex.org/W7202161345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conducting":[0],"atomic":[1],"force":[2],"microscopy":[3],"(C-AFM)":[4],"is":[5,65,93],"used":[6],"to":[7,32,95,135],"visualize":[8],"the":[9,14,50,54,60,71,74,83,87,104,136,155],"heterogeneous":[10],"electronic":[11,51,114],"conductivity":[12,52,72,115,131],"of":[13,41,53,73,82,110,123,138],"native":[15,156],"oxide":[16,55,75,88,111,157],"film":[17,56,76,89],"(nominally":[18],"a":[19],"2.9":[20],"nm":[21,100],"thick":[22],"TiO":[23],"2":[24,35,43,150],"layer)":[25],"on":[26,77,119],"polycrystalline":[27],"Ti":[28,62,141,149],"electrodes":[29,44],"(hereafter":[30],"referred":[31],"as":[33],"Ti/TiO":[34,42],"electrodes).":[36],"Ex":[37],"situ":[38],"C-AFM":[39,105],"images":[40],"recorded":[45],"in":[46,57,86,130,154],"air":[47],"demonstrate":[48],"that":[49],"contact":[58],"with":[59],"underlying":[61],"grain":[63,78,91,124],"boundaries":[64,92],"at":[66],"least":[67],"200\u00d7":[68],"higher":[69],"than":[70,98],"faces.":[79,125],"The":[80,126],"width":[81],"conductive":[84],"zone":[85],"over":[90],"estimated":[94],"be":[96],"less":[97],"50":[99],"(resolution":[101],"limited":[102],"by":[103],"tip":[106],"size).":[107],"Small":[108],"islands":[109],"exhibiting":[112],"high":[113],"are":[116,132],"also":[117],"observed":[118,127],"topographically":[120],"featureless":[121],"regions":[122],"spatial":[128],"variations":[129],"tentatively":[133],"attributed":[134],"presence":[137],"defects":[139],"(e.g.,":[140,148],"3+":[142],"sites)":[143],"and":[144],"lower":[145],"valence":[146],"oxides":[147],"O":[151],"3":[152],")":[153],"film.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T06:14:20.161405","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
