{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992308345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","title":"The Religious Rationalism of Benjamin Whichcote","display_name":"The Religious Rationalism of Benjamin Whichcote","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992308345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","mag":"1992308345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/hph.2008.0832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80702723","display_name":"Journal of the history of philosophy","issn_l":"0022-5053","issn":["0022-5053","1538-4586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065325263","display_name":"Michael B. Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6798-1550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6798-1550"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael B Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065325263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.794,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91735735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"271","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12517","display_name":"Seventeenth-Century Political and Philosophical Thought","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12517","display_name":"Seventeenth-Century Political and Philosophical Thought","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12409","display_name":"Reformation and Early Modern Christianity","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-rationalism","display_name":"religious rationalism","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cambridge-platonism","display_name":"Cambridge Platonism","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salvation","display_name":"salvation","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theism","display_name":"theism","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-nature","display_name":"human nature","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-rationalism","display_name":"moral rationalism","score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentimentalism","display_name":"sentimentalism","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ralph-cudworth","display_name":"Ralph Cudworth","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shaftesbury","display_name":"Shaftesbury","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hutcheson","display_name":"Hutcheson","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/david-hume","display_name":"David Hume","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarke","display_name":"Clarke","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price","display_name":"price","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sermons","display_name":"sermons","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-commitment","display_name":"moral commitment","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divine-providence","display_name":"divine providence","score":0.3140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200610012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620805","display_name":"Theism","level":2,"score":0.8056252002716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551968917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043","display_name":"Christianity","level":2,"score":0.6725949048995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.6571308970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779594674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193589","display_name":"Platonism","level":2,"score":0.63661128282547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180903884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483024","display_name":"Rationalism","level":2,"score":0.6258227229118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.48063626885414124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.31831711530685425}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/hph.2008.0832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80702723","display_name":"Journal of the history of philosophy","issn_l":"0022-5053","issn":["0022-5053","1538-4586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/228788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/228788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21737202","https://openalex.org/W613862530","https://openalex.org/W1554546048","https://openalex.org/W1599663284","https://openalex.org/W2269836321","https://openalex.org/W2314933517","https://openalex.org/W2797870583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547442221","https://openalex.org/W2071008747","https://openalex.org/W2756151606","https://openalex.org/W978275653","https://openalex.org/W2335642200","https://openalex.org/W2899324872","https://openalex.org/W3094591620","https://openalex.org/W2501424067","https://openalex.org/W2802366568","https://openalex.org/W4240365958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,233],"Religious":[1],"Rationalism":[2],"of":[3,17,24,30,39,64,73,96,104,120,144,166,184,207,237,325,348,357,360,367,374,379,400,411,414,437,448,585,661],"Benjamin":[4,18],"Whichcote":[5,19,51,88,285,362,556,599],"Michael":[6],"B.":[7],"Gill":[8],"1.":[9],"INTRODUCTION":[10],"Most":[11],"philosophers":[12],"today":[13],"have":[14,28,492,498,525],"never":[15],"heard":[16,29],"(1609\u2013":[20],"83),":[21],"and":[22,60,75,81,83,100,148,191,276,327,335,350,421,461,478,505,541,571,576,610,629],"most":[23,234],"the":[25,37,61,71,78,86,98,101,116,142,173,182,205,239,358,372,380,397,412,435,446,467,474,483,500,510,580,638,675,678],"few":[26],"who":[27],"him":[31],"know":[32],"only":[33,277,351],"that":[34,122,161,175,203,249,270,287,294,343,565,577,588,601,664,671],"he":[35,68,291,429,432,623,632],"was":[36,52,223],"founder":[38],"Cambridge":[40],"Platonism.1":[41],"He":[42,487,502,512,562],"is":[43,130,169,176,248,251,289,292,307,313,534,549,579,657,672],"well":[44],"worth":[45],"learning":[46],"more":[47],"about,":[48],"however.":[49],"For":[50],"a":[53,94,138,197,221,365,377,494,520],"vital":[54],"influence":[55],"on":[56,77,85,434,466],"both":[57,97],"Ralph":[58],"Cudworth":[59],"Third":[62],"Earl":[63],"Shaftesbury,":[65],"through":[66],"whom":[67],"helped":[69],"shape":[70],"views":[72],"Clarke":[74],"Price,":[76],"one":[79,296,329,384,394,663],"hand,":[80],"Hutcheson":[82],"Hume,":[84],"other.":[87],"should":[89,441],"thus":[90],"be":[91,212,323,443],"seen":[92],"as":[93,137,393,489,619],"grandparent":[95],"rationalist":[99],"sentimentalist":[102],"strands":[103],"eighteenth":[105],"century":[106,218],"British":[107],"ethical":[108,118],"theory.":[109],"In":[110,151],"this":[111,208,261,344,559,636],"paper,":[112],"I":[113,155,200],"will":[114,156,211,407],"elucidate":[115],"particular":[117,381],"positions":[119],"Whichcote\u2019s":[121,128,162,189,401,409,439],"played":[123],"such":[124,220,627],"an":[125,185,586,650,658],"important":[126],"role.":[127],"thought":[129,240],"interesting":[131],"in":[132,300,387,417,677],"its":[133],"own":[134],"right,":[135],"moreover,":[136],"lens":[139],"for":[140,215,272,281,355,528,537,543,552,605,613,646],"examining":[141],"implications":[143],"certain":[145,459],"prevalent":[146],"religious":[147],"moral":[149],"commitments.":[150],"what":[152,260,368,428,648],"follows,":[153],"then,":[154],"also":[157,363],"seek":[158],"to":[159,178,298,302,309,316,389,451,457,530,539,545,554,594,655,674],"show":[160],"profoundly":[163],"theistic":[164],"view":[165,366,378],"human":[167],"nature":[168],"ultimately":[170],"incompatible":[171],"with":[172],"belief":[174],"fundamental":[177],"his":[179,192,244],"Christianity.":[180],"Perhaps":[181],"idea":[183],"irresolvable":[186],"conflict":[187,222],"between":[188],"Christianity":[190],"theism":[193],"sounds":[194],"at":[195],"first":[196],"bit":[198],"paradoxical.":[199],"hope,":[201],"though,":[202],"by":[204,268],"end":[206],"paper":[209],"it":[210,320,334,523,533,548,578,590],"clear":[213],"how,":[214],"many":[216],"seventeenth":[217],"rationalists,":[219],"virtually":[224],"inevitable.2":[225],"[End":[226,506],"Page":[227,507],"271]":[228],"2.":[229],"RELIGION":[230],"IS":[231],"RATIONAL":[232],"central":[235],"claim":[236,262],"Whichcote\u2019s,":[238],"around":[241],"which":[242],"all":[243,275,349],"other":[245],"thoughts":[246],"coalesce,":[247],"religion":[250,288,326,346,415],"rational.3":[252],"To":[253],"understand":[254],"Whichcote,":[255,273,647],"therefore,":[256],"we":[257,369,620],"must":[258,321,385],"determine":[259],"amounts":[263],"to.":[264],"We":[265,406],"can":[266,370],"begin":[267],"noting":[269],"religion,":[271,375],"constitutes":[274],"those":[278,352],"things":[279,353,383],"necessary":[280,354],"salvation.4":[282],"So":[283,645],"when":[284,431],"says":[286],"rational":[290,308,315,382,591,652],"maintaining":[293],"everything":[295],"needs":[297],"do":[299,386],"order":[301,388],"achieve":[303,338,390],"heavenly":[304],"eternal":[305],"life":[306],"do.":[310],"If":[311],"something":[312],"not":[314,322,596,668],"do,":[317],"conversely,":[318],"then":[319],"part":[324],"so":[328],"could":[330,491,497,667],"refrain":[331],"from":[332],"doing":[333],"yet":[336],"still":[337],"salvation.":[339,391],"Let":[340],"us":[341,426,529,538,544,553],"say":[342],"view\u2014that":[345],"consists":[347],"salvation\u2014is":[356],"form":[359],"religion.":[361,438],"has":[364,454],"call":[371],"content":[373,413],"i.e.,":[376],"Indeed,":[392],"would":[395,524],"expect,":[396],"lion\u2019s":[398],"share":[399],"sermons":[402],"concerns":[403],"religion\u2019s":[404],"content.":[405],"discuss":[408],"account":[410],"below,":[416],"sections":[418],"5,":[419],"6,":[420],"7.":[422],"First,":[423],"however,":[424],"let":[425],"examine":[427],"means":[430],"insists":[433],"rationality":[436],"rationalism":[440],"initially":[442],"viewed":[444],"against":[445],"backdrop":[447],"voluntarism.":[449],"According":[450],"voluntarism,":[452],"God":[453,476,485,517,602,634,665],"arbitrarily":[455],"decided":[456],"reward":[458,628],"actions":[460,475,484,501,511,532,547,567,609,639],"punish":[462],"others.":[463],"There":[464],"is,":[465],"voluntarist":[468,560],"view,":[469],"nothing":[470,479],"intrinsically":[471,480,569,574,607,615],"right":[472,527,551,570,608,642],"about":[473,482],"rewards":[477,603],"wrong":[481,536,542,616],"punishes.":[486],"just":[488,624],"easily":[490],"made":[493,519],"different":[495,521],"decision,":[496,522],"rewarded":[499],"now":[503,513,535,550],"punishes":[504,611],"272]":[508],"punished":[509],"rewards.":[514],"And":[515],"if":[516],"had":[518],"been":[526],"perform":[531,540,546,656],"perform.":[555],"adamantly":[557],"opposes":[558],"position.":[561],"claims":[563],"instead":[564],"some":[566],"are":[568,573,640],"others":[572],"wrong,":[575],"intrinsic":[581,659],"rightness":[582],"or":[583,592,643,653],"wrongness":[584],"action":[587,651,676],"makes":[589,649],"irrational":[593,654],"perform,":[595],"God\u2019s":[597],"will.5":[598],"acknowledges":[600,626],"people":[604],"performing":[606,614],"them":[612],"ones":[617],"(although,":[618],"shall":[621],"see,":[622],"barely":[625],"punishment).":[630],"But":[631],"thinks":[633],"does":[635],"because":[637],"antecedently":[641],"wrong.":[644],"feature":[660,670],"it,":[662],"Himself":[666],"alter\u2014a":[669],"essential":[673],"same...":[679]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
