{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992167396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","title":"Shipping's fourth wave: ship management and Vernon's trade cycles","display_name":"Shipping's fourth wave: ship management and Vernon's trade cycles","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992167396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","mag":"1992167396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03088838900000049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155850388","display_name":"Maritime Policy & Management","issn_l":"0308-8839","issn":["0308-8839","1464-5254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Maritime Policy & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036633748","display_name":"Gunnar K. Sletmo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108192572","display_name":"HEC Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05ww3wq27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108192572"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunnar K. Sletmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Omer DeSerres Professor of Commerce, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, 5255 Avenue Decelles, Montreal (Qu\u00e9bec), H3T 1V6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Omer DeSerres Professor of Commerce, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, 5255 Avenue Decelles, Montreal (Qu\u00e9bec), H3T 1V6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108192572"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036633748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108192572"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90014613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"293","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14180","display_name":"Law, logistics, and international trade","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14180","display_name":"Law, logistics, and international trade","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.2727000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.03700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shipping-industry","display_name":"shipping industry","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footloose-industries","display_name":"footloose industries","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-cost-countries","display_name":"low-cost countries","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-power","display_name":"maritime power","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779019381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3499564","display_name":"Relocation","level":2,"score":0.6681054830551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5792184472084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5459746718406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135121143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182034","display_name":"Hegemony","level":3,"score":0.5052257180213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5014636516571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994595602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651658","display_name":"International shipping","level":2,"score":0.4790809750556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4754602313041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4749990701675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4359202980995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.416031152009964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3830808699131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3389710783958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28723466396331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1266462802886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10007965564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08405348658561707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03088838900000049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838900000049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155850388","display_name":"Maritime Policy & Management","issn_l":"0308-8839","issn":["0308-8839","1464-5254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Maritime Policy & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320322","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W574079838","https://openalex.org/W614269860","https://openalex.org/W4402621917","https://openalex.org/W7097383736","https://openalex.org/W2417006754","https://openalex.org/W2245307929","https://openalex.org/W7133199179","https://openalex.org/W2277497464","https://openalex.org/W4230697683","https://openalex.org/W3164864856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,6,40,81,99],"question":[4],"whether":[5,23],"present":[7],"recovery":[8],"of":[9,19,42,83,92,117,129,133],"shipping":[10,21,24,51,72,93,95,130,134],"means":[11],"a":[12,103,115,118,124],"return":[13],"to":[14,88,123],"pre-crisis":[15],"conditions":[16],"with":[17],"hegemony":[18],"OECD":[20],"or":[22],"has":[25],"irrevocably":[26],"changed.":[27],"Shipping":[28],"is":[29],"losing":[30],"its":[31],"national":[32],"character":[33],"as":[34,54,114],"ship":[35],"management":[36],"firms":[37,45,96],"contribute":[38],"towards":[39,108],"fragmenting":[41],"traditional":[43,105],"ship-owning":[44],"into":[46],"separately":[47],"managed":[48],"activities,":[49],"making":[50],"more":[52],"footloose":[53],"an":[55],"industry":[56],"and":[57,94],"facilitating":[58],"relocation":[59],"in":[60,71,76,102],"least":[61],"cost":[62],"factor":[63],"markets.":[64],"Trade":[65],"cycles":[66],"may":[67],"be":[68,112],"at":[69],"work":[70],"like":[73],"those":[74],"observed":[75],"many":[77],"industrial":[78],"markets,":[79],"beyond":[80],"scope":[82],"any":[84],"single":[85],"government's":[86],"ability":[87],"control.":[89],"The":[90],"dispersion":[91],"away":[97],"from":[98],"historical":[100],"concentration":[101],"few":[104],"maritime":[106],"powers":[107],"low-cost":[109],"countries":[110],"must":[111],"seen":[113],"manifestation":[116],"secular":[119],"trend,":[120],"giving":[121],"rise":[122],"profound":[125],"reorganization":[126],"not":[127],"only":[128],"markets":[131],"but":[132],"itself.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}