{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991190845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","title":"Optical Detection of Surface States on Cleaved (111) Surfaces of Ge","display_name":"Optical Detection of Surface States on Cleaved (111) Surfaces of Ge","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991190845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","mag":"1991190845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/742045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019659358","display_name":"G. Chiarotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0431-9265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0431-9265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Chiarotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065456885","display_name":"G Del Signore","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Del Signore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047147286","display_name":"S. Nannarone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Nannarone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Fisica dell'Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87748252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"16","first_page":"1170","last_page":"1172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13531","display_name":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13531","display_name":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11853","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and interfaces","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10657","display_name":"Topological Materials and Phenomena","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germanium","display_name":"germanium","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-states","display_name":"surface states","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-absorption","display_name":"optical absorption","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-oxidation","display_name":"surface oxidation","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence-band","display_name":"valence band","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conduction-band","display_name":"conduction band","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-gap","display_name":"band gap","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoexcitation","display_name":"photoexcitation","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C550623735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867","display_name":"Germanium","level":3,"score":0.7145222425460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181966813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806352","display_name":"Band gap","level":2,"score":0.6494848132133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.6416929960250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79689650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2387099","display_name":"Surface states","level":3,"score":0.6326257586479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6316533088684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5557992458343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177909632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033925","display_name":"Semimetal","level":3,"score":0.5413832664489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.5314981341362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27067764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528769","display_name":"Conduction band","level":3,"score":0.523032546043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103272658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528769","display_name":"Valence band","level":3,"score":0.50724858045578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.4768851101398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193154288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959336","display_name":"Direct and indirect band gaps","level":3,"score":0.4684092402458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33444154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4218431","display_name":"Quasi Fermi level","level":4,"score":0.4527303874492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.449806809425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3072812855243683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2235407531261444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.12652218341827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.10622182488441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.21.1170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/742045","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/742045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/742045","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/742045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985674465","https://openalex.org/W1986017462","https://openalex.org/W1995062895","https://openalex.org/W2019157388","https://openalex.org/W2046615828","https://openalex.org/W2066038783","https://openalex.org/W2074162180","https://openalex.org/W2094127515","https://openalex.org/W2326075776","https://openalex.org/W4242176458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074162180","https://openalex.org/W2072210024","https://openalex.org/W2046889009","https://openalex.org/W2013928149","https://openalex.org/W1976041824","https://openalex.org/W2087297983","https://openalex.org/W2041333849","https://openalex.org/W1988082835","https://openalex.org/W2083825248","https://openalex.org/W2069204802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"absorption":[1],"of":[2,6,35,44,51,58],"a":[3,9,36,49],"cleaved":[4],"surface":[5,22,37],"germanium":[7],"shows":[8],"band":[10,26,47],"at":[11],"energies":[12],"smaller":[13],"than":[14],"the":[15,21,42,45,56,59],"gap,":[16],"that":[17],"is":[18,23,27],"removed":[19],"when":[20],"oxidized.":[24],"The":[25],"assumed":[28],"to":[29,32,48],"be":[30],"due":[31],"optical":[33],"excitation":[34],"state":[38],"practically":[39],"coincident":[40],"with":[41],"top":[43],"valence":[46],"set":[50],"states":[52],"0.16":[53],"eV":[54],"below":[55],"bottom":[57],"conduction":[60],"band.":[61]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}