{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991156993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","title":"HIV prevention \u2013 where now? Background and introduction","display_name":"HIV prevention \u2013 where now? Background and introduction","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991156993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","mag":"1991156993","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21042048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20605092","display_name":"AIDS","issn_l":"0269-9370","issn":["0269-9370","1473-5571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIDS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021019665","display_name":"Saidi Kapiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1753-4060","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1753-4060"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131399","display_name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03djmvy73","country_code":"TZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131399"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164902","display_name":"National Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05fjs7w98","country_code":"TZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801810276","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]}],"countries":["GB","TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saidi Kapiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania","to Dr Saidi Kapiga, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: +255 28 254 1677; fax: +255 28 250 0019; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","fax: +255 28 250 0019","to Dr Saidi Kapiga, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: +255 28 254 1677"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131399","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"to Dr Saidi Kapiga, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: +255 28 254 1677; fax: +255 28 250 0019; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131399","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: +255 28 250 0019","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"to Dr Saidi Kapiga, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: +255 28 254 1677","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131399","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091777537","display_name":"Richard Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-9892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-9892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111420426","display_name":"Anne Buv\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78281549","display_name":"Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde","ror":"https://ror.org/03xq4x896","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Buv\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78281549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021019665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966","https://openalex.org/I4210131399","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"Suppl 4","first_page":"S1","last_page":"S3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-prevention","display_name":"HIV prevention","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-transmission","display_name":"HIV transmission","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-coverage","display_name":"treatment coverage","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-incidence","display_name":"HIV incidence","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-prevention-research","display_name":"HIV prevention research","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-transmission","display_name":"sexual transmission","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-exposure-prophylaxis","display_name":"pre-exposure prophylaxis","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-exposure-prophylaxis","display_name":"post-exposure prophylaxis","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-reduction","display_name":"harm reduction","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-reduction-services","display_name":"harm reduction services","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-count","display_name":"CD4 count","score":0.6740000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5592256188392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.556405246257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.521552562713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158886217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549","display_name":"Latin Americans","level":2,"score":0.5077308416366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.48651498556137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.4718872308731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4516696631908417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.44985589385032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4342166781425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.255384624004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.1807631552219391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13732114434242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007722","descriptor_name":"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040242","descriptor_name":"Risk Reduction Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058872","descriptor_name":"Epidemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390702.50889.bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20605092","display_name":"AIDS","issn_l":"0269-9370","issn":["0269-9370","1473-5571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIDS","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21042048","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21042048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIDS (London, England)","raw_type":"Editorial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311430","display_name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027032510","https://openalex.org/W2067997434","https://openalex.org/W2076223391","https://openalex.org/W2082691508","https://openalex.org/W2615187673","https://openalex.org/W4241010089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566872114","https://openalex.org/W4399926994","https://openalex.org/W2123293621","https://openalex.org/W35374308","https://openalex.org/W2071426302","https://openalex.org/W2316172111","https://openalex.org/W3176187747","https://openalex.org/W7166800614","https://openalex.org/W2257462418","https://openalex.org/W2082813245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,102,399,468,670,1348,1409,1526,1611,1667,1704],"global":[1,395],"HIV":[2,31,67,105,154,312,326,349,362,472,527,548,581,601,720,725,750,798,850,886,903,939,952,984,1000,1022,1044,1054,1114,1140,1163,1200,1249,1295,1332,1406,1433,1453,1461,1467,1471,1637,1646,1665,1732,1753,1788,1869],"epidemic":[3,327],"and":[4,19,78,116,135,149,165,176,184,191,289,364,434,500,529,550,586,621,624,657,666,698,731,735,741,766,771,781,806,817,922,960,1082,1183,1206,1209,1220,1285,1364,1391,1402,1490,1507,1513,1522,1544,1553,1558,1568,1624,1643,1649,1655,1790,1826,1839,1875,1879,1890,1900],"the":[5,25,45,59,76,87,130,132,147,195,212,226,239,246,252,263,325,339,346,358,365,375,407,461,464,471,479,511,524,533,554,557,577,588,597,614,625,642,681,692,695,699,702,715,778,804,819,834,860,874,946,981,1007,1019,1041,1048,1057,1065,1091,1104,1110,1146,1162,1172,1178,1188,1207,1218,1225,1232,1246,1264,1268,1286,1298,1307,1340,1370,1383,1400,1420,1424,1448,1481,1487,1495,1502,1536,1540,1548,1556,1566,1576,1582,1615,1630,1658,1675,1679,1691,1694,1729,1738,1741,1746,1756,1764,1780,1783,1794,1808,1818,1837,1840,1855,1867,1896,1903,1910],"continuing":[6],"need":[7,217,232,299,337,372,1377],"for":[8,254,314,338,384,401,532,547,556,749,1177,1382,1399,1460,1466,1698,1714,1796,1831,1836,1862,1866,1880,1894,1905],"effective":[9,380,402,508,797,880,1016,1062,1137,1804],"preventive":[10,403,563,799,1258,1750],"interventions":[11,381,404,564,929,959,1259,1313,1366],"Joint":[12],"United":[13,171],"Nations":[14,172],"Programme":[15],"on":[16,321,523,680,938,999,1331,1423,1517,1664,1690,1752,1782,1829],"HIV/AIDS":[17],"(UNAIDS)":[18],"WHO":[20],"have":[21,109,439,506,520,539,566,710,822,855,930,989,1035,1045,1074,1124,1397],"estimated":[22,304],"that":[23,305,417,424,478,565,596,612,713,870,1010,1034,1145,1242,1260,1339,1722,1767,1771],"worldwide":[24],"number":[26,47,247,359,561,706],"of":[27,48,66,75,89,95,104,140,146,197,211,218,228,233,242,248,256,266,271,292,341,360,367,388,410,436,454,463,470,481,514,526,535,559,562,580,590,600,610,616,627,635,641,644,653,659,664,668,672,683,690,694,701,707,717,724,761,777,803,808,827,838,842,849,862,866,873,885,890,902,911,927,943,948,951,970,983,995,1021,1040,1043,1051,1068,1093,1112,1121,1149,1174,1180,1187,1190,1196,1213,1228,1245,1248,1257,1267,1288,1309,1311,1318,1343,1350,1357,1372,1386,1404,1412,1429,1432,1452,1464,1494,1501,1504,1511,1535,1550,1581,1585,1614,1629,1660,1678,1693,1728,1740,1748,1766,1785,1803,1842,1857,1913],"people":[28,91,215,229,249],"living":[29],"with":[30,208,441,1171],"has":[32,51,69,120,552,953,973,1011,1088,1132,1237,1687],"increased":[33,64,96,124,1049],"from":[34,53,1539,1607,1626],"29":[35],"million":[36,41,57,181,214],"in":[37,42,72,86,111,125,143,163,189,202,216,231,238,354,374,444,474,569,602,754,793,818,881,919,965,976,1017,1024,1030,1063,1070,1096,1103,1106,1138,1199,1224,1231,1355,1529,1555,1575,1604,1645,1662,1707,1717,1737,1755,1787,1807,1877,1909],"2001":[38],"to":[39,55,84,98,108,152,169,259,268,286,295,328,356,447,459,542,795,832,858,923,933,955,979,991,1014,1053,1078,1090,1108,1135,1263,1314,1323,1378,1392,1418,1427,1485,1546,1559,1578,1618,1632,1639,1650,1673,1744,1779,1792,1799,1816,1850,1887,1901],"33.4":[40],"2008,":[43],"while":[44,344,382],"annual":[46],"new":[49,311,316,361,385,465,1680,1705,1712],"infections":[50,313,363,729,734],"decreased":[52],"3.2":[54],"2.7":[56],"during":[58,629,674,1116],"same":[60,347,1567],"period":[61],"[1].":[62],"prevalence":[65],"infection":[68,106,155,528,805,1115],"been":[70,521,553,567,711,823,856,931,974,1012,1125,1133,1238,1688],"recorded":[71],"all":[73,296,1031,1902],"regions":[74],"world":[77,148,1631],"this":[79,495,551,591,1037,1413,1437,1530,1723,1772,1843,1882],"can":[80],"be":[81,329,420,485,1015,1136,1156,1251,1564,1572],"attributed":[82],"partly":[83],"improvements":[85],"longevity":[88],"HIV-infected":[90,182,368],"as":[92,456,785,787,846],"a":[93,157,393,457,482,560,603,608,630,675,758,824,847,899,935,1080,1184,1239,1255,1301,1326,1593,1749,1776,1800],"result":[94],"access":[97,151],"antiretroviral":[99,1153,1197],"treatment":[100,234,272,293,322,373,998,1176,1362],"(ART).":[101],"incidence":[103,142,982,1754],"appears":[107],"declined":[110],"sub-Saharan":[112,243],"Africa,":[113],"Asia,":[114],"Oceania":[115],"Europe,":[117],"whereas":[118,1217],"it":[119,283,302,414,418],"stabilized":[121],"or":[122,688,1328,1498],"slightly":[123],"Latin":[126],"America,":[127,129],"North":[128,136],"Caribbean,":[131],"Middle":[133],"East":[134],"Africa.":[137,244,1718],"Despite":[138],"evidence":[139,910,1421],"declining":[141],"many":[144,518,1071,1727],"parts":[145,1628],"increasing":[150],"ART,":[153],"remains":[156,898],"major":[158,394,825],"public":[159,396,828],"health":[160,397,432,829],"problem,":[161],"especially":[162,237],"low-income":[164,190],"middle-income":[166,192],"countries.":[167],"According":[168],"WHO,":[170],"Children's":[173],"Fund":[174],"(UNICEF)":[175],"UNAIDS,":[177],"more":[178,308,490,1157,1166],"than":[179,309,491,1167],"4":[180],"adults":[183,584],"children":[185],"were":[186,516,1353,1483,1589,1617],"receiving":[187,223],"ART":[188,257,279,342,1465],"countries":[193,204,241,446],"at":[194,273,345,814,1297,1592],"end":[196],"2008":[198],"[2].":[199,323],"Overall":[200],"coverage":[201,288],"these":[203,219,839,1395,1586],"was":[205,412,415,425,498,1735],"low,":[206],"however,":[207],"only":[209,1008],"42%":[210],"9.5":[213],"life-saving":[220],"drugs":[221,1160,1198],"actually":[222],"them.":[224,300],"Thus,":[225],"majority":[227,1342,1349],"currently":[230],"remain":[235,392],"untreated,":[236],"high-prevalence":[240],"As":[245,836],"who":[250,298,318,370,438],"meet":[251],"criteria":[253],"initiation":[255,270],"continues":[258],"rise,":[260],"particularly":[261],"following":[262,1449,1488],"recent":[264,1302],"revision":[265],"guidelines":[267],"recommend":[269,448],"higher":[274],"CD4":[275],"cell":[276],"counts":[277],"[3],":[278],"programmes":[280,830],"will":[281,371,1155,1291,1446,1774],"find":[282,992],"increasingly":[284],"difficult":[285],"extend":[287],"sustain":[290],"provision":[291],"services":[294],"patients":[297,369],"Moreover,":[301],"is":[303,319,334,488,576,587,605,791,844,877,907,1004,1060,1223,1273,1336,1417,1720],"there":[306,333,906,1236,1279,1440],"are":[307,352,638,744,753,916,1143,1215,1261,1280,1441,1847],"two":[310],"every":[315],"patient":[317],"started":[320],"For":[324,1477],"brought":[330],"under":[331,1854],"control,":[332],"an":[335,421,507,993,1671,1710],"urgent":[336],"expansion":[340],"services,":[343],"time,":[348],"prevention":[350,386,1164,1179,1201,1272,1290,1296,1407,1428,1454,1647,1733,1789,1805],"efforts":[351],"strengthened":[353],"order":[355,794,1107],"reduce":[357,980,1109],"pool":[366],"future.":[376],"Scaling":[377],"up":[378],"known":[379],"searching":[383],"methods":[387,1656],"proven":[389],"effectiveness":[390,861,964,1189],"must":[391,419],"priority.":[398],"search":[400],"Even":[405],"before":[406],"causative":[408],"agent":[409,423],"AIDS":[411,515,1820],"discovered,":[413],"established":[416,1689],"infectious":[422],"transmitted":[426,728],"through":[427],"sexual":[428,449,598,617,632,636,645,654,660,684,809,892,949,1066,1117,1316,1430],"intercourse.":[429,1118],"This":[430,1087],"led":[431,1089],"authorities":[433],"organizations":[435],"men":[437,442],"sex":[440,677],"(MSM)":[443],"industrialized":[445],"behaviour":[450,637,810],"change,":[451],"including":[452,662,719,764,894,1657],"use":[453,687,841,872,1079,1463],"condoms,":[455,864],"strategy":[458,1222],"stem":[460],"spread":[462,1247],"disease":[466],"[4].":[467],"discovery":[469,497],"virus":[473],"1983":[475],"raised":[476],"hopes":[477],"development":[480,558,1092],"vaccine":[483],"might":[484,1250],"possible.":[486],"It":[487,1335,1719],"now":[489,594],"25":[492],"years":[493,1169,1577,1762],"since":[494],"important":[496,745,1711],"reported":[499,1354],"yet":[501],"we":[502,1375,1562,1570],"still":[503,908],"do":[504],"not":[505],"vaccine.":[509],"Since":[510],"first":[512,1742],"cases":[513],"described,":[517],"studies":[519,538,865],"conducted":[522,857,967],"epidemiology":[525,1042],"risk":[530,545,747,783,816,1020],"factors":[531,546,611,709,743,748,763,790,944],"acquisition":[534,549,1023,1333],"HIV.":[536,1086],"These":[537,650],"allowed":[540],"us":[541],"identify":[543,956],"modifiable":[544],"basis":[555],"tested":[568,1036],"randomized":[570],"controlled":[571],"trials":[572,988,1033,1173,1321,1344,1356,1387,1506,1716,1786],"(RCTs).":[573],"Sexual":[574],"intercourse":[575],"main":[578,1410,1450,1612],"mode":[579],"transmission":[582,599,628,673,884,950,1067,1182,1317,1431],"among":[583,812,1434],"globally":[585],"focus":[589,826],"supplement.":[592,1845],"We":[593,1769,1813,1846],"understand":[595],"population":[604,821,1759],"determined":[606],"by":[607,757,1253],"range":[609],"influence":[613,714],"rate":[615,643],"contact":[618,646],"between":[619,647,1872],"infected":[620,696],"uninfected":[622,703],"partners":[623,665],"probability":[626,671,947,1111],"specific":[631,913,1265],"encounter.":[633],"Patterns":[634],"key":[639,900,1537],"determinants":[640],"HIV-discordant":[648],"partners.":[649],"include":[651,1152,1202],"rates":[652],"partner":[655,697],"change":[656,811],"characteristics":[658],"networks":[661],"choice":[663],"concurrency":[667],"partnerships.":[669],"single":[676],"act":[678],"depends":[679],"type":[682],"activity":[685],"(including":[686],"nonuse":[689],"condoms),":[691],"infectiousness":[693],"susceptibility":[700],"partner.":[704],"A":[705,774],"biological":[708,740],"identified":[712],"efficiency":[716],"transmission,":[718,751],"viral":[721],"load,":[722],"stage":[723],"disease,":[726],"sexually":[727],"(STIs)":[730],"other":[732,957,971,987,1508,1627],"genital":[733],"male":[736,863,875,1058,1473],"circumcision":[737,1003],"[5\u20137].":[738],"Although":[739,852,888,1056],"behavioural":[742,782,928,1365],"proximal":[746,779],"they":[752],"turn":[755],"influenced":[756],"complex":[759],"array":[760],"underlying":[762],"societal":[765],"cultural":[767],"norms,":[768],"sex-based":[769],"inequality":[770],"socioeconomic":[772],"variables.":[773],"comprehensive":[775],"understanding":[776,942],"biomedical":[780],"factors,":[784],"well":[786],"distal":[788],"contextual":[789],"required":[792],"develop":[796],"interventions.":[800],"Increasing":[801],"awareness":[802],"promotion":[807,889],"groups":[813],"high":[815,1144],"general":[820,1757],"developed":[831],"control":[833,904,1244,1459],"epidemic.":[835],"part":[837],"efforts,":[840],"condoms":[843],"recommended":[845],"means":[848],"prevention.":[851,1476,1666],"no":[853,925,1130],"RCTs":[854,926,1120,1310,1661],"measure":[859],"discordant":[867],"couples":[868],"indicate":[869],"consistent":[871,895],"condom":[876,896,1059,1081],"approximately":[878],"80%":[879],"preventing":[882,1064],"heterosexual":[883],"[8].":[887],"safer":[891],"practices,":[893],"use,":[897],"component":[901],"programmes,":[905],"limited":[909],"which":[912,1099,1151,1305,1445,1686],"intervention":[914,1009,1496,1751],"approaches":[915,1426],"most":[917],"successful":[918,1243],"changing":[920],"behaviour,":[921],"date,":[924],"able":[932],"demonstrate":[934,1745],"significant":[936,1293],"impact":[937,1747],"incidence.":[940],"Improved":[941],"influencing":[945],"helped":[954],"potential":[958],"subsequently":[961],"test":[962,1208,1219],"their":[963,1832,1906],"rigorously":[966],"RCTs.":[968],"Control":[969],"STIs":[972],"shown":[975,1013],"one":[977],"RCT":[978],"infection,":[985],"but":[986,1127,1276],"failed":[990,1322],"effect":[994,1330],"improved":[996],"STI":[997,1361,1458],"spread.":[1001],"Male":[1002],"so":[1005,1128,1277,1898],"far":[1006,1129,1278],"reducing":[1018,1139],"multiple":[1025],"RCTs,":[1026],"showing":[1027,1388],"50\u201360%":[1028],"protection":[1029],"three":[1032],"intervention.":[1038],"Studies":[1039],"also":[1046,1669,1848],"highlighted":[1047],"vulnerability":[1050],"women":[1052,1073,1100],"infection.":[1055],"highly":[1061],"HIV,":[1069,1319],"settings,":[1072],"little":[1075],"negotiating":[1076],"power":[1077],"protect":[1083],"themselves":[1084],"against":[1085],"microbicides,":[1094,1150],"products":[1095],"various":[1097],"formulations":[1098],"could":[1101],"insert":[1102],"vagina":[1105],"acquiring":[1113],"Several":[1119],"candidate":[1122],"microbicides":[1123,1359],"conducted,":[1126],"product":[1131],"found":[1134],"transmission.":[1141],"Hopes":[1142],"next":[1147,1809],"generation":[1148],"compounds,":[1154],"successful.":[1158],"Antiretroviral":[1159],"entered":[1161],"field":[1165,1557],"15":[1168],"ago":[1170],"prophylactic":[1175],"mother-to-child":[1181],"case\u2013control":[1185],"study":[1186],"occupational":[1191],"postexposure":[1192],"prophylaxis.":[1193],"New":[1194],"uses":[1195],"preexposure":[1203],"prophylaxis":[1204],"(PrEP)":[1205],"treat":[1210,1221],"strategy.":[1211],"Trials":[1212,1683],"PrEP":[1214],"ongoing,":[1216],"early":[1226],"stages":[1227],"development.":[1229],"Lastly,":[1230],"past":[1233,1505,1551,1641],"few":[1234,1282],"years,":[1235],"growing":[1240],"realization":[1241],"achieved":[1252],"using":[1254],"combination":[1256,1289,1475],"tailored":[1262],"needs":[1266],"target":[1269],"population.":[1270],"Combination":[1271],"hotly":[1274],"discussed,":[1275],"very":[1281],"empirical":[1283],"data":[1284],"evaluation":[1287],"pose":[1292],"challenges.":[1294],"cross-roads":[1299],"In":[1300,1368],"systematic":[1303],"review":[1304,1419,1443,1479,1493,1542,1587,1633,1640],"summarized":[1306],"results":[1308,1352,1371,1390,1503],"39":[1312],"prevent":[1315],"33":[1320],"show":[1324],"either":[1325],"positive":[1327],"negative":[1329],"[9].":[1334],"clearly":[1337,1376],"disappointing":[1338],"overwhelming":[1341],"showed":[1345],"\u2018flat\u2019":[1346],"results.":[1347],"flat":[1351,1389],"vaginal":[1358],"(33.3%),":[1360],"(24.2%)":[1363],"(21.2%).":[1367],"examining":[1369],"such":[1373],"trials,":[1374],"explore":[1379],"possible":[1380],"reasons":[1381],"large":[1384],"proportion":[1385],"consider":[1393],"whether":[1394],"findings":[1396],"implications":[1398],"design":[1401],"conduct":[1403],"future":[1405,1523,1652],"trials.":[1408],"objective":[1411],"special":[1414,1594,1844],"journal":[1415],"supplement":[1416,1531,1773],"base":[1422],"different":[1425],"adults.":[1435],"Following":[1436],"introductory":[1438],"note,":[1439],"seven":[1442,1541],"articles":[1444,1543,1588],"discuss":[1447,1560,1651],"areas":[1451],"research:":[1455],"Behavioural":[1456],"interventions;":[1457],"prevention;":[1462,1468],"topical":[1469],"microbicides;":[1470],"vaccines;":[1472],"circumcision;":[1474],"each":[1478],"article,":[1480],"authors":[1482,1584],"requested":[1484],"address":[1486],"questions":[1489],"issues:":[1491],"Brief":[1492],"approach":[1497],"approaches.":[1499],"Summary":[1500],"studies.":[1509,1515],"Discussion":[1510],"ongoing":[1512],"planned":[1514],"Perspectives":[1516],"outstanding":[1518],"questions,":[1519],"methodological":[1520],"challenges":[1521],"research":[1524,1648,1653,1663,1797,1870],"needs.":[1525],"final":[1527],"article":[1528],"draws":[1532],"together":[1533,1620,1726],"some":[1534],"messages":[1538],"seeks":[1545],"learn":[1547],"lessons":[1549],"failures":[1552,1644],"successes":[1554,1642],"what":[1561,1569],"should":[1563,1571],"doing":[1565,1573],"differently":[1574],"come.":[1579],"Most":[1580],"lead":[1583],"keynote":[1590],"speakers":[1591],"scientific":[1595],"symposium":[1596,1616,1668,1838,1897],"entitled":[1597],"\u2018HIV":[1598],"Prevention":[1599],"\u2013":[1600],"Where":[1601],"Now?\u2019,":[1602],"held":[1603,1736],"Mwanza,":[1605],"Tanzania,":[1606],"14\u201316":[1608],"July":[1609],"2009.":[1610],"objectives":[1613],"bring":[1619],"leading":[1621,1731,1798],"African":[1622],"scientists":[1623],"researchers":[1625],"existing":[1634],"knowledge":[1635],"about":[1636],"prevention,":[1638],"directions":[1654],"role":[1659,1784],"provided":[1670],"opportunity":[1672],"celebrate":[1674],"official":[1676],"opening":[1677],"Mwanza":[1681,1702,1708,1852,1878],"Intervention":[1682],"Unit":[1684],"(MITU)":[1685],"campus":[1692],"Tanzanian":[1695],"National":[1696],"Institute":[1697],"Medical":[1699,1823],"Research":[1700,1824],"(NIMR)":[1701],"Centre.":[1703],"unit":[1706],"represents":[1709],"resource":[1713],"clinical":[1715],"fitting":[1721],"symposium,":[1724],"bringing":[1725],"world's":[1730],"scientists,":[1734],"location":[1739],"trial":[1743],"adult":[1758],"[10]":[1760],"20":[1761],"after":[1763],"commencement":[1765],"trial.":[1768],"hope":[1770],"provide":[1775],"valuable":[1777],"contribution":[1778],"debate":[1781],"help":[1791],"set":[1793],"scene":[1795],"larger":[1801],"armamentarium":[1802],"tools":[1806],"10\u201320":[1810],"years.":[1811],"Acknowledgements":[1812],"would":[1814],"like":[1815],"thank":[1817],"Tanzania":[1819],"Commission,":[1821],"UK":[1822],"Council":[1825],"International":[1827],"Partnership":[1828],"Microbicides":[1830],"generous":[1833],"financial":[1834],"support":[1835,1865],"publication":[1841],"grateful":[1849],"NIMR":[1851],"Centre":[1853],"leadership":[1856],"our":[1858],"colleague":[1859],"John":[1860],"Changalucha":[1861],"its":[1863],"long-term":[1864],"collaborative":[1868],"programme":[1871],"NIMR,":[1873],"LSHTM":[1874],"AMREF":[1876],"hosting":[1881],"symposium.":[1883],"Special":[1884],"thanks":[1885],"go":[1886],"Jacqueline":[1888],"Jackson":[1889],"her":[1891],"administrative":[1892],"team":[1893],"organizing":[1895],"efficiently":[1899],"participants":[1904],"active":[1907],"engagement":[1908],"discussions.":[1911],"Conflicts":[1912],"Interest:":[1914],"None.":[1915]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
