{"id":"https://openalex.org/W199106430","doi":null,"title":"Epidemiology, costs, consequences, and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: an american epidemic.","display_name":"Epidemiology, costs, consequences, and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: an american epidemic.","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W199106430","mag":"199106430","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754388","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3385777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2394474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3385777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3385777","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070289715","display_name":"Lawrence Blonde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-6698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-6698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799767083","display_name":"Ochsner Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0290qyp66","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336053918","https://openalex.org/I2799767083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L Blonde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director, Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Ochsner Clinic and Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director, Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Ochsner Clinic and Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799767083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070289715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799767083"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6712543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"126","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.029999999329447746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.027799999341368675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-prevalence","display_name":"diabetes prevalence","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-complications","display_name":"diabetes complications","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-criteria","display_name":"diagnostic criteria","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-cell-dysfunction","display_name":"beta-cell dysfunction","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidiabetic-drugs","display_name":"antidiabetic drugs","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-nutrition-therapy","display_name":"medical nutrition therapy","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-therapy","display_name":"exercise therapy","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atherosclerosis","display_name":"atherosclerosis","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-stage-renal-disease","display_name":"end-stage renal disease","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"blindness","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amputation","display_name":"amputation","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.92984938621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.8367397785186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6777648329734802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.657361626625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5296112298965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.5184771418571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.46890485286712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.4340283274650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.32791921496391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.216228187084198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2394474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3385777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22754388","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ochsner journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3385777","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3385777/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ochsner J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:199106430","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2394474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3385777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1840840071","https://openalex.org/W1967156178","https://openalex.org/W1976787772","https://openalex.org/W2004415067","https://openalex.org/W2009753344","https://openalex.org/W2016705514","https://openalex.org/W2024286178","https://openalex.org/W2047474181","https://openalex.org/W2051739018","https://openalex.org/W2077149049","https://openalex.org/W2080888778","https://openalex.org/W2082057981","https://openalex.org/W2084772097","https://openalex.org/W2123147731","https://openalex.org/W2123946565","https://openalex.org/W2126115073","https://openalex.org/W2147079839","https://openalex.org/W2152591650","https://openalex.org/W2302447233","https://openalex.org/W2306791045","https://openalex.org/W2331274940","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2345903479","https://openalex.org/W4206665202","https://openalex.org/W4232915119","https://openalex.org/W4233562854","https://openalex.org/W4298494882","https://openalex.org/W4300987042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W96805026","https://openalex.org/W2083152875","https://openalex.org/W7002365247","https://openalex.org/W2109926813","https://openalex.org/W2026279732","https://openalex.org/W74797219","https://openalex.org/W2119190592","https://openalex.org/W2115020549","https://openalex.org/W2162699816","https://openalex.org/W2260621041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,175,190],"prevalence":[1,29],"of":[2,30,40,50,66,90,94,109,156,177,187,192,218,240,246],"diabetes":[3,25,31,55,128,164,180,197],"in":[4,13,17,75,85,101,129,184],"the":[5,28,62,76,91,98,110,130,166,185,216,255],"United":[6],"States":[7],"increased":[8],"by":[9],"33%":[10],"from":[11,170],"4.9%":[12],"1990":[14],"to":[15,127,172,226],"6.5%":[16],"1998.":[18],"Presently":[19],"almost":[20],"16":[21],"million":[22],"Americans":[23],"have":[24,43,198],"mellitus,":[26],"and":[27,72,78,107,123,145,153,158,202,211],"is":[32,61,79,88,113],"doubling":[33],"every":[34,102],"10-15":[35],"years.":[36],"More":[37],"than":[38],"90%":[39],"diabetic":[41],"patients":[42,51,116,193,221,236,263],"type":[44,53,178,195,265],"2":[45,54,179,196,266],"diabetes;":[46],"about":[47],"one":[48,64,89],"third":[49],"with":[52,81,117,194,243,264],"are":[56],"not":[57],"yet":[58],"diagnosed.":[59],"Diabetes":[60],"number":[63],"cause":[65],"adult":[67],"blindness,":[68],"end-stage":[69],"renal":[70],"disease,":[71],"nontraumatic":[73],"amputations":[74],"US":[77,131],"associated":[80],"a":[82],"marked":[83],"increase":[84],"atherosclerotic":[86],"disease.Diabetes":[87],"most":[92,220,235],"costly":[93],"medical":[95,208],"conditions.":[96],"In":[97,119,230],"US,":[99],"1":[100],"7":[103],"health":[104,150],"care":[105,151],"dollars":[106],"25%":[108],"Medicare":[111],"budget":[112],"spent":[114],"on":[115],"diabetes.":[118,267],"1997,":[120],"total":[121],"direct":[122],"indirect":[124],"costs":[125,152],"attributed":[126],"were":[132],"estimated":[133],"at":[134],"$98":[135],"billion.":[136],"Substantial":[137],"data":[138],"suggest":[139],"that":[140,234],"glycemic":[141],"control":[142],"reduces":[143],"morbidity":[144],"mortality":[146],"as":[147,149],"well":[148],"improves":[154],"quality":[155],"life":[157],"productivity.Relatively":[159],"new":[160,250],"diagnostic":[161],"criteria":[162],"for":[163,168,262],"lower":[165],"threshold":[167],"diagnosis":[169],"140":[171],"126":[173],"mg/dL.":[174],"pathophysiology":[176],"must":[181],"be":[182],"considered":[183],"formulation":[186],"treatment":[188,228],"strategies.":[189],"majority":[191],"both":[199],"insulin":[200,204],"resistance":[201],"an":[203],"secretory":[205],"deficit.":[206],"While":[207],"nutrition":[209],"therapy":[210],"carefully":[212],"prescribed":[213],"exercise":[214],"remain":[215],"cornerstones":[217],"treatment,":[219],"will":[222,237],"require":[223,238],"pharmacologic":[224],"agents":[225,242,252],"achieve":[227],"goals.":[229],"fact,":[231],"studies":[232],"indicate":[233],"combinations":[239],"antidiabetic":[241,251],"complementary":[244],"mechanisms":[245],"action.":[247],"Fortunately,":[248],"many":[249],"available":[253],"during":[254],"past":[256],"several":[257],"years":[258],"provide":[259],"more":[260],"options":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
