{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990888253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","title":"Modernizing the SI: towards an improved, accessible and enduring system","display_name":"Modernizing the SI: towards an improved, accessible and enduring system","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990888253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","mag":"1990888253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075769428","display_name":"Martin J T Milton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8174-2211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8174-2211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin J T Milton","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116130590","display_name":"Jonathan M. J. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6490-4226","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6490-4226"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan M Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056814720","display_name":"Seton J. Bennett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seton J Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5555,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96285969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"5","first_page":"356","last_page":"364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/si-units","display_name":"SI units","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/si-redefinition","display_name":"SI redefinition","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-units","display_name":"base units","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moles","display_name":"moles","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kelvin","display_name":"Kelvin","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampere","display_name":"AMPERE","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kilogram","display_name":"kilogram","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-definitions","display_name":"unit definitions","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metrology","display_name":"metrology","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-standards","display_name":"measurement standards","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207892153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11570","display_name":"Kilogram","level":3,"score":0.751979649066925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4941483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25272","display_name":"Ampere","level":3,"score":0.6639679670333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87585026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12457","display_name":"International System of Units","level":3,"score":0.6317018866539001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5493483543395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4964771866798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.34092435240745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33029717206954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3245905041694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24535876512527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.23184138536453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.21786928176879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21524247527122498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15392202138900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11475247144699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10196518898010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.08806174993515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.07061627507209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195766429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394","display_name":"Metrology","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/012/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.41999998688697815}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1990888253.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1990888253.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973286030","https://openalex.org/W1983998132","https://openalex.org/W1989526406","https://openalex.org/W1990383204","https://openalex.org/W1990734538","https://openalex.org/W2021841494","https://openalex.org/W2036497147","https://openalex.org/W2061312562","https://openalex.org/W2062833645","https://openalex.org/W2076049976","https://openalex.org/W2095507762","https://openalex.org/W2096523908","https://openalex.org/W2137234519","https://openalex.org/W2140530035","https://openalex.org/W2412468609","https://openalex.org/W2473641825","https://openalex.org/W4210961373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139659889","https://openalex.org/W2158977352","https://openalex.org/W2087748948","https://openalex.org/W2156479540","https://openalex.org/W2138084314","https://openalex.org/W2095507762","https://openalex.org/W2948000342","https://openalex.org/W7100648297","https://openalex.org/W2789367275","https://openalex.org/W852166828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"proposals":[1,39],"to":[2,19,27,46,63,72],"redefine":[3],"four":[4],"of":[5,9,66,83,97,99],"the":[6,10,21,38,60,64,67,76,81,84,87,94,100],"base":[7],"units":[8],"International":[11],"System":[12],"(SI)":[13],"have":[14,73],"stimulated":[15],"some":[16,74],"debate":[17],"as":[18],"how":[20],"SI":[22],"might":[23],"best":[24],"be":[25,53],"developed":[26],"meet":[28],"changes":[29,48,62,79],"in":[30,49,80],"requirements.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper":[34],"we":[35],"consider":[36],"whether":[37],"are":[40],"a":[41],"timely":[42],"and":[43,69,86],"proportionate":[44],"response":[45],"those":[47],"requirements":[50],"that":[51],"can":[52],"identified":[54],"today.":[55],"We":[56],"conclude":[57],"that,":[58],"whilst":[59],"proposed":[61],"definitions":[65,82],"mole":[68],"kelvin":[70],"appear":[71],"advantages,":[75],"case":[77],"for":[78],"ampere":[85],"kilogram":[88],"is":[89],"less":[90],"well":[91],"made":[92],"at":[93],"present":[95],"stage":[96],"development":[98],"key":[101],"experiments":[102],"involved.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
