{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990702882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","title":"Reasoning in Believers in the Paranormal","display_name":"Reasoning in Believers in the Paranormal","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990702882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","mag":"1990702882","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13566964","display_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","issn_l":"0022-3018","issn":["0022-3018","1539-736X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nervous &amp; Mental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001009425","display_name":"Emma Lawrence","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emma Lawrence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027385967","display_name":"EMMANUELLE R. PETERS","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-9223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-9223"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuelle Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Send reprint requests to Emmanuelle Peters, PhD, P077, Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom","Psychology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Send reprint requests to Emmanuelle Peters, PhD, P077, Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001009425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9821,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86771263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"192","issue":"11","first_page":"727","last_page":"733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13005","display_name":"Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernatural-beliefs","display_name":"supernatural beliefs","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-biases","display_name":"reasoning biases","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delusional-ideation","display_name":"delusional ideation","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deductive-reasoning","display_name":"deductive reasoning","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-specific-reasoning","display_name":"domain-specific reasoning","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-formation","display_name":"belief formation","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychical-research","display_name":"psychical research","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546668722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332102","display_name":"Paranormal","level":3,"score":0.9512068033218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7848978042602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779043874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643","display_name":"Delusion","level":2,"score":0.6833505630493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170477896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039022","display_name":"Ideation","level":2,"score":0.6418789029121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18296254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219","display_name":"Skepticism","level":2,"score":0.5288991332054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.41853582859039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4128417372703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3529898524284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26451030373573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.13880068063735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.09067946672439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08605387806892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003702","descriptor_name":"Delusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003702","descriptor_name":"Delusions","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010268","descriptor_name":"Parapsychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010555","descriptor_name":"Personality Inventory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012569","descriptor_name":"Schizotypal Personality Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012569","descriptor_name":"Schizotypal Personality Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013483","descriptor_name":"Superstitions","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13566964","display_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","issn_l":"0022-3018","issn":["0022-3018","1539-736X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nervous &amp; Mental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15505516","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of nervous and mental disease","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/3ed68629-3d30-44f7-aaa2-354e6ed2d942","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/3ed68629-3d30-44f7-aaa2-354e6ed2d942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence, E & Peters, E 2004, 'Reasoning in believers in the paranormal', Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 192, no. 11, pp. 727 - 733. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144691.22135.d0","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34351339","https://openalex.org/W158727920","https://openalex.org/W657016797","https://openalex.org/W1488025282","https://openalex.org/W1581279653","https://openalex.org/W1607533455","https://openalex.org/W1939259067","https://openalex.org/W1963982062","https://openalex.org/W1968967124","https://openalex.org/W1979074534","https://openalex.org/W1979257253","https://openalex.org/W1982332222","https://openalex.org/W1986235888","https://openalex.org/W1993109043","https://openalex.org/W1994520706","https://openalex.org/W1999992635","https://openalex.org/W2013001904","https://openalex.org/W2015007231","https://openalex.org/W2016905861","https://openalex.org/W2022853109","https://openalex.org/W2025224539","https://openalex.org/W2031024280","https://openalex.org/W2036135177","https://openalex.org/W2038310571","https://openalex.org/W2039301402","https://openalex.org/W2040634382","https://openalex.org/W2058337703","https://openalex.org/W2058494916","https://openalex.org/W2067384877","https://openalex.org/W2067795813","https://openalex.org/W2071168537","https://openalex.org/W2072242895","https://openalex.org/W2074704072","https://openalex.org/W2081486243","https://openalex.org/W2095235139","https://openalex.org/W2096608630","https://openalex.org/W2108129675","https://openalex.org/W2108332038","https://openalex.org/W2125075419","https://openalex.org/W2126512140","https://openalex.org/W2131931917","https://openalex.org/W2149740334","https://openalex.org/W2154224099","https://openalex.org/W2162176680","https://openalex.org/W2169951193","https://openalex.org/W2226668398","https://openalex.org/W2316721656","https://openalex.org/W2332289872","https://openalex.org/W2405367390","https://openalex.org/W2490688454","https://openalex.org/W2519291071","https://openalex.org/W2724224207","https://openalex.org/W2764362690","https://openalex.org/W2903849486","https://openalex.org/W2905659481","https://openalex.org/W2965471197","https://openalex.org/W3016507149","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302868686","https://openalex.org/W6723308017","https://openalex.org/W6726933751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2255867864","https://openalex.org/W1963982062","https://openalex.org/W2281637197","https://openalex.org/W4251807051","https://openalex.org/W2941052018","https://openalex.org/W1526494759","https://openalex.org/W1801774400","https://openalex.org/W2128383747","https://openalex.org/W3192914466","https://openalex.org/W1979074534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reasoning":[0],"biases":[1],"have":[2,125],"been":[3],"identified":[4],"in":[5,12,23,25,67,129],"deluded":[6],"patients,":[7],"delusion-prone":[8],"individuals,":[9],"and":[10,20,44,73,139],"believers":[11,24],"the":[13,26,34,68,96,130,147,151],"paranormal.":[14,27],"This":[15,100],"study":[16],"examined":[17],"content-specific":[18],"reasoning":[19,47,50,101,122],"delusional":[21,41,76],"ideation":[22,42,77],"A":[28],"total":[29],"of":[30,33,98,132,154],"174":[31],"members":[32],"Society":[35],"for":[36,54],"Psychical":[37],"Research":[38],"completed":[39],"a":[40,45,64,109,126],"questionnaire":[43],"deductive":[46],"task.":[48],"The":[49,135],"statements":[51,87],"were":[52,84,89],"manipulated":[53],"congruency":[55],"with":[56,86,91],"paranormal":[57,69,116],"beliefs.":[58,134],"As":[59],"predicted,":[60],"individuals":[61],"who":[62,107],"reported":[63,108],"strong":[65],"belief":[66,93,110],"made":[70],"more":[71,75],"errors":[72],"displayed":[74],"than":[78,113,150],"skeptical":[79],"individuals.":[80],"However,":[81],"no":[82],"differences":[83],"found":[85],"that":[88,121,142],"congruent":[90],"their":[92],"system,":[94],"confirming":[95],"domain-specificity":[97],"reasoning.":[99],"bias":[102],"was":[103],"limited":[104],"to":[105],"people":[106],"in,":[111],"rather":[112,149],"experience":[114],"of,":[115],"phenomena.":[117],"These":[118],"results":[119],"suggest":[120],"abnormalities":[123,144],"may":[124],"causal":[127],"role":[128],"formation":[131],"unusual":[133],"dissociation":[136],"between":[137],"experiences":[138],"beliefs":[140],"implies":[141],"such":[143],"operate":[145],"at":[146],"evaluative,":[148],"perceptual,":[152],"stage":[153],"processing.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
