{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990309302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","title":"Prior problem behavior accounts for the racial gap in school suspensions","display_name":"Prior problem behavior accounts for the racial gap in school suspensions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990309302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","mag":"1990309302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140176541","display_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0047-2352","issn":["0047-2352","1873-6203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102950755","display_name":"JOHN PAUL WRIGHT","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5557-6168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5557-6168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Paul Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdulaziz UniversityCenter for Social and Humanities ResearchJeddah, Saudi Arabia","University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz UniversityCenter for Social and Humanities ResearchJeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088627260","display_name":"Mark Alden Morgan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-4175","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-4175"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Alden Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054588007","display_name":"Michelle Anne Coyne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle A. Coyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, ML 210389, 665 Dyer Hall, Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011908781","display_name":"Kevin M. Beaver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-3496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-3496"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin M. Beaver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida State University, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 634 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 United States","King Abdulaziz UniversityCenter for Social and Humanities ResearchJeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 634 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz UniversityCenter for Social and Humanities ResearchJeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089049524","display_name":"J. C. Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-5397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-5397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.C. Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas, School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021 United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021 United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102950755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I63135867"],"apc_list":{"value":3930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3930},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.3802,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99799734,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"3","first_page":"257","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-suspension","display_name":"school suspension","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-bias","display_name":"racial bias","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-students","display_name":"Black students","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-behavior","display_name":"early childhood behavior","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusionary-discipline","display_name":"exclusionary discipline","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779658751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581459","display_name":"Antipathy","level":3,"score":0.947185754776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5414206981658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4823605418205261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.480522483587265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45405203104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778010851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845745","display_name":"Differential association","level":2,"score":0.438386470079422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4301929473876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993757694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959","display_name":"Racial differences","level":3,"score":0.4285362958908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4132835865020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40947258472442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.16281086206436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14216741919517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13023990392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.07768961787223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140176541","display_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","issn_l":"0047-2352","issn":["0047-2352","1873-6203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12488893","https://openalex.org/W42417421","https://openalex.org/W52816272","https://openalex.org/W220781250","https://openalex.org/W1268378038","https://openalex.org/W1529795544","https://openalex.org/W1554186140","https://openalex.org/W1574109151","https://openalex.org/W1598480776","https://openalex.org/W1604226033","https://openalex.org/W1838591236","https://openalex.org/W1955887670","https://openalex.org/W1965621931","https://openalex.org/W1967081992","https://openalex.org/W1967239789","https://openalex.org/W1971093170","https://openalex.org/W1973873200","https://openalex.org/W1974561187","https://openalex.org/W1981618118","https://openalex.org/W1982264918","https://openalex.org/W1982995874","https://openalex.org/W1984361995","https://openalex.org/W1985344502","https://openalex.org/W1985601297","https://openalex.org/W1995776697","https://openalex.org/W1998096352","https://openalex.org/W2000315327","https://openalex.org/W2003524363","https://openalex.org/W2006625843","https://openalex.org/W2012074546","https://openalex.org/W2013423818","https://openalex.org/W2017675882","https://openalex.org/W2021542008","https://openalex.org/W2021551171","https://openalex.org/W2038564783","https://openalex.org/W2044212972","https://openalex.org/W2053662769","https://openalex.org/W2062201333","https://openalex.org/W2062312771","https://openalex.org/W2063346429","https://openalex.org/W2064658189","https://openalex.org/W2066711704","https://openalex.org/W2071484124","https://openalex.org/W2073313865","https://openalex.org/W2073807023","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2090081525","https://openalex.org/W2094489471","https://openalex.org/W2102624656","https://openalex.org/W2107202675","https://openalex.org/W2112011572","https://openalex.org/W2120003190","https://openalex.org/W2125138558","https://openalex.org/W2132152490","https://openalex.org/W2134386666","https://openalex.org/W2134788731","https://openalex.org/W2134791895","https://openalex.org/W2135884732","https://openalex.org/W2142363030","https://openalex.org/W2145573810","https://openalex.org/W2146605476","https://openalex.org/W2148813331","https://openalex.org/W2149804058","https://openalex.org/W2153019931","https://openalex.org/W2153258399","https://openalex.org/W2154968816","https://openalex.org/W2157542026","https://openalex.org/W2157980425","https://openalex.org/W2158493928","https://openalex.org/W2158646987","https://openalex.org/W2160601746","https://openalex.org/W2163807265","https://openalex.org/W2171965369","https://openalex.org/W2172258492","https://openalex.org/W2484418617","https://openalex.org/W2608354230","https://openalex.org/W2726107287","https://openalex.org/W2904798609","https://openalex.org/W3135653098","https://openalex.org/W4205320537","https://openalex.org/W4242306549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034827650","https://openalex.org/W3155270740","https://openalex.org/W2896855945","https://openalex.org/W4409004370","https://openalex.org/W2277341129","https://openalex.org/W4223518525","https://openalex.org/W2794729243","https://openalex.org/W2569507400","https://openalex.org/W220781250","https://openalex.org/W2738554997"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
