{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990201224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","title":"Morphological Features and Activation Patterns of Motor Units","display_name":"Morphological Features and Activation Patterns of Motor Units","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990201224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","mag":"1990201224","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8600170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116127033","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","issn_l":"0736-0258","issn":["0736-0258","1537-1603"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050274704","display_name":"Roger M. Enoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7881-2397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7881-2397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316902750","display_name":"Cleveland Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjacd83","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roger M. Enoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5254, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5254, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050274704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82930189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"538","last_page":"559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10441","display_name":"Muscle Physiology and Disorders","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-units","display_name":"motor units","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-unit-force","display_name":"motor unit force","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-unit-recruitment-order","display_name":"motor unit recruitment order","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-unit-discharge-rate","display_name":"motor unit discharge rate","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-force-control","display_name":"muscle force control","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-control","display_name":"motor control","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement-disorders","display_name":"movement disorders","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.9116410613059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781425072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889028","display_name":"Motor unit","level":2,"score":0.8934997320175171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173172909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918207","display_name":"Motor unit recruitment","level":3,"score":0.6742681264877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776752467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133903","display_name":"Motor neuron","level":3,"score":0.5213869214057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17077164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185869","display_name":"Inhibitory postsynaptic potential","level":2,"score":0.4476359486579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.4185599684715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3820536434650421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3406785726547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.3383345603942871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3034360110759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2245418131351471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21514371037483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.14210718870162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009046","descriptor_name":"Motor Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009046","descriptor_name":"Motor Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009046","descriptor_name":"Motor Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009069","descriptor_name":"Movement Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009069","descriptor_name":"Movement Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009069","descriptor_name":"Movement Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000294","qualifier_name":"innervation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000294","qualifier_name":"innervation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000294","qualifier_name":"innervation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046508","descriptor_name":"Culture Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046508","descriptor_name":"Culture Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046508","descriptor_name":"Culture Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199511000-00002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116127033","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","issn_l":"0736-0258","issn":["0736-0258","1537-1603"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8600170","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8600170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1827509360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS-20544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3562359059","display_name":"LIMB IMMOBILIZATION EFFECTS ON MOTOR CONTROL","funder_award_id":"5r01ns020544-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2315607242","https://openalex.org/W2041378983","https://openalex.org/W2191411299","https://openalex.org/W1809394698","https://openalex.org/W2039315390","https://openalex.org/W1531783741","https://openalex.org/W2441671583","https://openalex.org/W3157905885","https://openalex.org/W1508670225","https://openalex.org/W2046969086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,101],"force":[1,45,63,102,190,205,237],"that":[2,103,151,164,177,188],"a":[3,47,78,104,124,127,293],"muscle":[4,40,62,157,189,236],"exerts":[5],"depends":[6,84],"on":[7,85,171,296],"which":[8,67,77],"motor":[9,68,79,106,182,212],"units":[10,69,183,213],"have":[11,70,139,162,292],"been":[12,71],"recruited":[13],"and":[14,36,88,96,148,187,198,245,255,299],"at":[15,76],"what":[16],"rate":[17,75,120,150,200,233,258],"they":[18],"are":[19],"discharging":[20],"action":[21,82],"potentials.":[22],"Because":[23,279],"of":[24,39,90,132,143,145,181,203,211,226,231,270,288,301],"differences":[25],"in":[26,196,218,277],"motor-unit":[27,44,146,248,256,284,289],"morphology":[28],"(innervation":[29],"ratio,":[30],"average":[31],"cross-sectional":[32],"area,":[33],"specific":[34],"force,":[35],"geometric":[37],"distribution":[38],"fibers),":[41],"the":[42,74,86,91,130,178,204,208,224,229,268,297],"maximum":[43],"within":[46,252],"motor-neuron":[48],"pool":[49],"is":[50,64,121,184,191,281],"not":[51],"constant":[52],"but":[53],"rather":[54],"can":[55,108,152,250,291],"vary":[56,111,156],"by":[57,66,112,193,275,283],"approximately":[58,113],"50":[59],"times.":[60],"Consequently,":[61],"affected":[65,263,274],"activated.":[72],"Similarly,":[73],"neuron":[80],"discharges":[81],"potentials":[83],"pattern":[87],"quantity":[89],"synaptic":[92],"input":[93],"it":[94,175],"receives":[95],"its":[97],"intrinsic":[98],"frequency-current":[99],"relation.":[100],"single":[105],"unit":[107],"exert":[109],"will":[110],"3":[114],"to":[115,126,138,155,215,234,243,260],"15":[116],"times":[117],"when":[118],"discharge":[119,149,199,232,257],"increased":[122],"from":[123],"minimum":[125],"maximum.":[128],"In":[129],"performance":[131],"voluntary":[133],"contractions,":[134,174,228],"therefore,":[135],"humans":[136],"appear":[137],"an":[140,286],"infinite":[141],"number":[142],"combinations":[144],"recruitment":[147,179,197,209,265,271],"be":[153,216,261,273],"used":[154],"force.":[158],"However,":[159],"control":[160],"strategies":[161],"evolved":[163],"reduce":[165],"these":[166],"options":[167],"substantially.":[168],"From":[169],"experiments":[170],"low-force,":[172],"isometric":[173],"appears":[176,214,259],"order":[180,210],"relatively":[185],"fixed":[186],"graded":[192],"concurrent":[194],"variations":[195],"over":[201],"much":[202],"range.":[206],"Whereas":[207],"robust":[217],"other":[219],"tasks":[220],"also,":[221],"perhaps":[222],"with":[223],"exception":[225],"lengthening":[227],"use":[230],"grade":[235],"seems":[238],"more":[239,262],"variable.":[240],"When":[241],"subjected":[242],"acute":[244],"chronic":[246],"challenges,":[247],"properties":[249],"adapt":[251],"limited":[253],"ranges,":[254],"than":[264],"order,":[266],"although":[267],"extent":[269],"may":[272],"changes":[276],"use.":[278],"movement":[280,302],"controlled":[282],"activity,":[285],"understanding":[287],"physiology":[290],"significant":[294],"impact":[295],"evaluation":[298],"treatment":[300],"disorders.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}