{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990169080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","title":"Features of a fully renewable US electricity system: Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions","display_name":"Features of a fully renewable US electricity system: Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990169080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","mag":"1990169080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2497375143","display_name":"Energy","issn_l":"0360-5442","issn":["0360-5442","1873-6785"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1990169080"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2833","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029160154","display_name":"Sarah Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2077-8138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2077-8138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801628138","display_name":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/05vmv8m79","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044466814","display_name":"Bethany A. Frew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4128-1714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4128-1714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bethany A. Frew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031257512","display_name":"Gorm Bruun Andresen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-020X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-020X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["DK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gorm B. Andresen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082878195","display_name":"Timo Zeyer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Zeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102947249","display_name":"Stefan Schramm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-0893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-0893","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0470-6333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801628138","display_name":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/05vmv8m79","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Schramm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I2801628138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008646518","display_name":"Martin Greiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-247X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-247X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Greiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark","Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052364466","display_name":"Mark Z. Jacobson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-4128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-4128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Z. Jacobson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029160154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I2801628138","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":234,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98361595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"443","last_page":"458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-energy","display_name":"wind energy","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"photovoltaics","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-grid-expansion","display_name":"transmission grid expansion","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage-requirements","display_name":"energy storage requirements","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup-generation","display_name":"backup generation","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levelized-cost-of-electricity","display_name":"levelized cost of electricity","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-load-variation","display_name":"seasonal load variation","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5979214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126932","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","level":4,"score":0.7847738265991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.71101975440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6752555966377258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186503672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761847","display_name":"Grid parity","level":4,"score":0.6686562895774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5934217572212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5817326903343201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778676262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7555952","display_name":"Solar Resource","level":3,"score":0.5508525371551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4622812569141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.441153347492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.4257574677467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.3821484446525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2635660767555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17154911160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12594202160835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09869617223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07698845863342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2497375143","display_name":"Energy","issn_l":"0360-5442","issn":["0360-5442","1873-6785"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1402.2833","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.2833","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:energy:v:72:y:2014:i:c:p:443-458","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214006343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/b0c5ca32-567c-4987-bbd9-bc41c64915c3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/b0c5ca32-567c-4987-bbd9-bc41c64915c3","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Becker, S, Frew, B A, Andresen, G B, Zeyer, T, Schramm, S, Greiner, M & Jacobson, M Z 2014, 'Features of a fully renewable US electricity system : Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions', Energy, vol. 72, pp. 443-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.067","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1402.2833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.2833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.2833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.761.7873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.761.7873","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2833.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1402.2833","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.2833","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333566","display_name":"National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1990169080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1990169080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535429072","https://openalex.org/W1871781187","https://openalex.org/W1963914649","https://openalex.org/W1974038018","https://openalex.org/W1976405499","https://openalex.org/W1980048361","https://openalex.org/W1981185968","https://openalex.org/W1982089996","https://openalex.org/W1987477335","https://openalex.org/W2007972684","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2048935015","https://openalex.org/W2057841938","https://openalex.org/W2061187407","https://openalex.org/W2063343512","https://openalex.org/W2070077298","https://openalex.org/W2077020260","https://openalex.org/W2084901106","https://openalex.org/W2094875038","https://openalex.org/W2100020724","https://openalex.org/W2103138812","https://openalex.org/W2108695406","https://openalex.org/W2127355872","https://openalex.org/W2130923460","https://openalex.org/W2135573241","https://openalex.org/W2146774339","https://openalex.org/W2147917110","https://openalex.org/W2148650794","https://openalex.org/W2149687025","https://openalex.org/W2154061444","https://openalex.org/W2605683368","https://openalex.org/W2915157699","https://openalex.org/W3127111314"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1760881235","https://openalex.org/W2004319742","https://openalex.org/W1992210510","https://openalex.org/W80203675","https://openalex.org/W2767746363","https://openalex.org/W3009884353","https://openalex.org/W4416705100","https://openalex.org/W2611864261","https://openalex.org/W4410250577","https://openalex.org/W4285601259"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-15T12:55:33.944570","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}