{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989407372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","title":"International Income Inequality: Measuring PPP Bias by Estimating Engel Curves for Food","display_name":"International Income Inequality: Measuring PPP Bias by Estimating Engel Curves for Food","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989407372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","mag":"1989407372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/473.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013143506","display_name":"Ingvild Alm\u00e5s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-1384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-1384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931913249","display_name":"Norwegian School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04v53s997","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931913249"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ingvild Alm\u00e5s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931913249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013143506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931913249"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.9772,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99693501,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"2","first_page":"1093","last_page":"1117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.017500000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purchasing-power-parity","display_name":"purchasing power parity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-income-inequality","display_name":"international income inequality","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penn-world-table","display_name":"Penn World Table","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engel-curves","display_name":"Engel curves","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-consumption","display_name":"dietary intake","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-price-index-bias","display_name":"consumer price index bias","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-country-income-comparison","display_name":"cross-country income comparison","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109888216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82135","display_name":"Purchasing power parity","level":3,"score":0.8434417843818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8387823104858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81461097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341800","display_name":"Engel curve","level":3,"score":0.7987622618675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6048897504806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271969","display_name":"Purchasing power","level":2,"score":0.5902372598648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5843753814697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178131030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631360","display_name":"Price index","level":2,"score":0.5114847421646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109913693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164708","display_name":"Consumer price index (South Africa)","level":3,"score":0.49294281005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4560633897781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.4191872179508209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.25076568126678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10504204034805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.07733520865440369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ces:ceswps:_3247","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3247.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3247.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:lis:liswps:473","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/473.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:102:y:2012:i:2:p:1093-1117","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/46542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/95588","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/95588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.nhh.no:11250/163032","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/163032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.nhh.no:11250/278692","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/278692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064446","display_name":"NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1093-1117","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:20.500.14742/231501","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/handle/20.500.14742/231501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alm\u00e5s, I. (2012). International income inequality: measuring PPP bias by estimating Engel curves for food. American Economic Review, 102, 1093\u20131117. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:lis:liswps:473","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/473.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1989407372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1989407372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26308095","https://openalex.org/W138217162","https://openalex.org/W1492547047","https://openalex.org/W1499322253","https://openalex.org/W1521698726","https://openalex.org/W1604616384","https://openalex.org/W1883239598","https://openalex.org/W1970497752","https://openalex.org/W1973648351","https://openalex.org/W1988569421","https://openalex.org/W1989407372","https://openalex.org/W1992901724","https://openalex.org/W2000388676","https://openalex.org/W2005404469","https://openalex.org/W2006987778","https://openalex.org/W2016276961","https://openalex.org/W2050164802","https://openalex.org/W2050990506","https://openalex.org/W2057328309","https://openalex.org/W2069391400","https://openalex.org/W2081590363","https://openalex.org/W2091281145","https://openalex.org/W2099004904","https://openalex.org/W2121258717","https://openalex.org/W2124495323","https://openalex.org/W2125974087","https://openalex.org/W2150651034","https://openalex.org/W2164519007","https://openalex.org/W2167027294","https://openalex.org/W2170513424","https://openalex.org/W2328500172","https://openalex.org/W2747290283","https://openalex.org/W3122424624","https://openalex.org/W4232834477","https://openalex.org/W4298863114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992901724","https://openalex.org/W2790804601","https://openalex.org/W2005404469","https://openalex.org/W7100630292","https://openalex.org/W2228098137","https://openalex.org/W4312890034","https://openalex.org/W7099809749","https://openalex.org/W2310873830","https://openalex.org/W1831131981","https://openalex.org/W1497672598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purchasing":[0],"power\u2013adjusted":[1],"incomes":[2,24,80],"applied":[3],"in":[4,20,68],"cross-country":[5],"comparisons":[6],"are":[7,81],"measured":[8,82],"with":[9],"bias.":[10,95],"This":[11],"paper":[12],"estimates":[13],"the":[14,35,39,60,66],"purchasing":[15],"power":[16],"parity":[17],"(PPP)":[18],"bias":[19,30,64,67,76],"Penn":[21],"World":[22],"Table":[23],"and":[25,33,65,77],"provides":[26],"corrected":[27,79],"incomes.":[28],"The":[29,54,74],"is":[31,51,57],"substantial":[32],"systematic:":[34],"poorer":[36],"a":[37],"country,":[38],"more":[40],"its":[41],"income":[42,49],"tends":[43],"to":[44,58],"be":[45],"overestimated.":[46],"Consequently,":[47],"international":[48],"inequality":[50],"substantially":[52],"underestimated.":[53],"methodological":[55],"contribution":[56],"exploit":[59],"analogies":[61],"between":[62],"PPP":[63,75],"consumer":[69],"price":[70],"index":[71],"(CPI)":[72],"numbers.":[73],"subsequent":[78],"by":[83],"estimating":[84],"Engel":[85],"curves":[86],"for":[87],"food,":[88],"an":[89],"established":[90],"method":[91],"of":[92],"measuring":[93],"CPI":[94],"JEL:":[96],"C43,":[97],"D31,":[98],"E31,":[99],"O11,":[100],"O12":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
